화학공정계산 4판 솔루션 Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes 4th Solution

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화학공정계산 4판 솔루션 elementary principles of chemical

processes, 4th solution
화학공학양론 (Kangwon National University)
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 (a)
(b)
(c)
2.2 (a)
(b)
(c)
2.3 (a) Assume that a golf ball occupies the space equivalent to a 2 in x 2 in cube.
For a classroom with dimensions 40 ft x 40 ft x 15 ft:
The estimate could vary by an order of magnitude ore more, depending on

the assumptions made.
2.4

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2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9 Say h depth of liquid

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2.10
(a) (i) On the earth:
(ii) On the moon:
(b)

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2.11 (a)
(b)
2.12 (a)
(b)
(c)
2.13 (a)
-1
(b) The t in the exponent has a coefficient of s .
2.14 (a)

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(b)
2.15 (a) Yes, because when ln [( C A  C A e ) / ( C A 0  C A e )] is plotted vs. t in rectangular

coordinates, the plot is a straight line.
0 50 100 150 200

0
-0.2
ln ((CA-CAe)/(CA0-CAe))
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
t (min)
-3 1
S lo p e = -0 .0 0 9 3  k = 9 .3  1 0 m in

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 kt
(b) ln [( C A  C A e ) /( C A 0  C A e )]   k t  C A  ( C A 0  C A e ) e  C Ae
3
 ( 9 .3  1 0 )(1 2 0 ) -2
C A  ( 0 .1 8 2 3  0 .0 4 9 5 ) e  0 .0 4 9 5 = 9 .3 0 0  1 0 g /L
-2
9 .3 0 0  1 0 g 3 0 .5 g a l 2 8 .3 1 7 L
C = m /V  m = C V   1 0 .7 g
L 7 .4 8 0 5 g a l
2.16 (a) 1/C vs. t. Slope= b, intercept=a
(b) b  s lo p e = 0 .4 7 7 L / g  h ; a  In te rc e p t = 0 .0 8 2 L / g
3
2
2.5 1.8
1.6
2 1.4
1.2
1/C
1.5
1
C
1 0.8
0.6
0.5 0.4
0.2
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5
1/C = 0.4771t + 0.0823 t t

C C-fitted
(c) C  1 / ( a  b t )  1 / [ 0 .0 8 2  0 .4 7 7 ( 0 )]  1 2 .2 g / L
t  ( 1 / C  a ) / b  ( 1 / 0 .0 1  0 .0 8 2 ) / 0 .4 7 7  2 0 9 .5 h
(d) t=0 and C=0.01 are out of the range of the experimental data.
(e) The concentration of the hazardous substance could be enough to cause
damage to the biotic resources in the river; the treatment requires an
extremely large period of time; some of the hazardous substances might
remain in the tank instead of being converted; the decomposition products
might not be harmless.

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2.17

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2.18 (a) E(cal/mol), D0 (cm2/s)

(b) ln D vs. 1/T, Slope=-E/R, intercept=ln D0.
2
(c) In te rc e p t = ln D 0 = -3 .0 1 5 1  D 0 = 0 .0 5 c m /s.
S lo p e =  E / R = -3 6 6 6 K  E = (3 6 6 6 K )(1 .9 8 7 cal / m o l  K ) = 7 2 8 4 cal / m o l

2.0E-03
2.1E-03
2.2E-03
2.3E-03
2.4E-03
2.5E-03
2.6E-03
2.7E-03
2.8E-03
2.9E-03
3.0E-03
-10.0
-10.5
-11.0
-11.5
ln D
-12.0
-12.5
-13.0
-13.5
-14.0
ln D = -3666(1/T) - 3.0151 1/T
(d) Spreadsheet
T D 1/T lnD (1/T)*(lnD) (1/T)**2

347 1.34E-06 2.88E-03 -13.5 -0.03897 8.31E-06
374.2 2.50E-06 2.67E-03 -12.9 -0.03447 7.14E-06
396.2 4.55E-06 2.52E-03 -12.3 -0.03105 6.37E-06
420.7 8.52E-06 2.38E-03 -11.7 -0.02775 5.65E-06
447.7 1.41E-05 2.23E-03 -11.2 -0.02495 4.99E-06
471.2 2.00E-05 2.12E-03 -10.8 -0.02296 4.50E-06
Sx 2.47E-03
Sy -12.1
Syx -3.00E-02
Sxx 6.16E-06
-E/R -3666
ln D0 -3.0151
D0 7284
E 0.05

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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

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3.2
3.3
(a)
(b) – No buildup of mass in unit.
–  B
and  H
at inlet stream conditions are equal to their tabulated values (which are
o
strictly valid at 20 C and 1 atm.)
– Volumes of benzene and hexane are additive.
– Densitometer gives correct reading.

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3.4 (a)
(b)

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3.5
3.6 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

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(f)
(g)
(h)
3.7 (a)
(b)
3.8
M s u s p e n s io n
 565 g  65 g  500 g , M C aC O 3
 215 g  65 g  150 g
(a) V  4 5 5 m L m in , m  5 0 0 g m in
(b)   m / V  5 0 0 g / 4 5 5 m L  1.1 0 g m L
(c) 1 5 0 g C a C O 3 / 5 0 0 g s u s p e n s io n  0 .3 0 0 g C a C O 3 g s u s p e n s io n
3.9
Assume 100 mol mix.
1 0 .0 m o l C 2 H 5 O H 4 6 .0 7 g C 2 H 5 O H
mC   4 6 1 g C 2 H 5O H
2 H 5O H
m o l C 2 H 5O H
7 5 .0 m o l C 4 H 8 O 2 8 8 .1 g C 4 H 8 O 2
mC   6608 g C 4 H 8O 2
4 H 8O 2
m ol C 4 H 8O 2
1 5 .0 m o l C H 3 C O O H 6 0 .0 5 g C H 3 C O O H
mCH   9 0 1 g C H 3C O O H
3C O O H
m o l C H 3C O O H

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461 g
xC H 5O H
  0 .0 5 7 8 g C 2 H 5 O H / g m ix
2
461 g + 6608 g + 901 g
3.10 (a)
Unit Function
Crystallizer Form solid gypsum particles from a solution
Filter Separate particles from solution
Dryer Remove water from filter cake
(b)
(c)
-5
0 .2 7 7 g + 3 .8 4  1 0 g
% reco very =  1 0 0 %  9 9 .3 %
0 .2 7 7 g + 0 .0 0 1 8 6 g
3.11 (a)

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6 9 1 0 g E tO H L 10365 g H 2O L
V    1 9 .1 2 3 L  1 9 .1 L
7 8 9 g E tO H 1000 g H 2O
(6 9 1 0 + 1 0 3 6 5 ) g L
SG   0 .9 0 3
1 9 .1 L 1000 g
(b)
( 6 9 1 0  1 0 3 6 5 ) g m ix L
V    1 8 .4 7 2 L  1 8 .5 L
9 3 5 .1 8 g
( 1 9 .1 2 3  1 8 .4 7 2 ) L
% e rro r   1 0 0 %  3 .5 %
1 8 .4 7 2 L
3.12
3.13

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3.14 (a) Samples Species MW k Peak Mole Mass moles mass

Area Fraction Fraction
1 CH4 16.04 0.150 3.6 0.156 0.062 0.540 8.662
C2H6 30.07 0.287 2.8 0.233 0.173 0.804 24.164
C3H8 44.09 0.467 2.4 0.324 0.353 1.121 49.416
C4H10 58.12 0.583 1.7 0.287 0.412 0.991 57.603
2 CH4 16.04 0.150 7.8 0.249 0.111 1.170 18.767

C2H6 30.07 0.287 2.4 0.146 0.123 0.689 20.712
C3H8 44.09 0.467 5.6 0.556 0.685 2.615 115.304
C4H10 58.12 0.583 0.4 0.050 0.081 0.233 13.554
3 CH4 16.04 0.150 3.4 0.146 0.064 0.510 8.180

C2H6 30.07 0.287 4.5 0.371 0.304 1.292 38.835
C3H8 44.09 0.467 2.6 0.349 0.419 1.214 53.534
C4H10 58.12 0.583 0.8 0.134 0.212 0.466 27.107
4 CH4 16.04 0.150 4.8 0.333 0.173 0.720 11.549

C2H6 30.07 0.287 2.5 0.332 0.324 0.718 21.575
C3H8 44.09 0.467 1.3 0.281 0.401 0.607 26.767
C4H10 58.12 0.583 0.2 0.054 0.102 0.117 6.777
5 CH4 16.04 0.150 6.4 0.141 0.059 0.960 15.398

C2H6 30.07 0.287 7.9 0.333 0.262 2.267 68.178
C3H8 44.09 0.467 4.8 0.329 0.380 2.242 98.832
C4H10 58.12 0.583 2.3 0.197 0.299 1.341 77.933

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(b)

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3.15 (a)
6
(8.7  1 0  0 .4 0 ) k g C 44 kg C O 2 7 5
 1. 2 8  1 0 k g C O 2  2 .9  1 0 k m o l C O 2
12 kg C
6
( 1.1  1 0  0 .2 6 ) k g C 28 kg CO 5 4
 6 .6 7  1 0 k g C O  2 .3 8  1 0 kmol CO
12 kg C
5
( 3 .8  1 0  0 .1 0 ) k g C 16 kg CH 4 4 3
 5 .0 7  1 0 kg CH 4
 3 .1 7  1 0 kmol CH 4
12 kg C
7 5 4
( 1.2 8  1 0  6 .6 7  1 0  5 .0 7  1 0 ) k g 1 m e tric t o n m e tric to n s
m   1 3 ,5 0 0
1000 kg yr
M   y M  0 .9 1 5 
i i
4 4  0 .0 7 5  2 8  0 .0 1  1 6  4 2 .5 g / m o l
3.16 (a) Basis: 1 liter of solution
1000 m L 1 .0 3 g 5 g H 2SO 4
m ol H 2SO 4
 0 .5 2 5 m o l / L  0 .5 2 5 m o la r s o lu tio n
mL 100 g 9 8 .0 8 g H 2 S O 4
(b)
V 5 5 gal 3 .7 8 5 4 L m in 60 s
t    144 s
V gal 87 L m in
3
55 gal 3 .7 8 5 4 L 10 mL 1 .0 3 g 0 .0 5 0 0 g H 2 S O 4
1 lb m
 2 3 .6 lb m
H 2SO 4
gal 1 L mL g 4 5 3 .5 9 g
(c)
V
3
87 L m 1 m in
u    0 .5 1 3 m / s
(   0 .0 6
2 2
A m in 1000 L 60 s / 4) m
L 45 m
t    88 s
u 0 .5 1 3 m / s

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3.17 (a)
1.5 0 L 0 .6 5 9 k g 1000 m ol
n 3   1 1.4 7 m o l / m in
m in L 8 6 .1 7 k g
(b)
3.18
3.19 (a)
(b)
A se m ilo g p lo t o f C A v s. t is a stra ig h t lin e  ln C A  ln C A O  kt

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1
k  0 .4 1 4 m in
3
ln C A O  0 .2 5 1 2  C A O  1.2 8 6 lb - m o le s ft
(c)
t  2 0 0 s  C A  5 .3 0 m o l / L
3.20 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

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(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
3.21
3.22 (a)

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(b) Assume an average bathtub 5 ft long, 2.5 ft wide, and 2 ft high takes about 10 min to
fill.
(i) For a full room, h  1 0 m
2
1000 kg 9 .8 1 m 1N 10 m 2m
F
5
  F  2 .0  1 0 N
3 2 2
m s 1 kg  m / s
The door will break before the room fills
(ii) If the door holds, it will take
He will not have enough time.
3.23 (a) h = L sin 
(b)
3.24 (a)

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(b)
3.25

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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
(a) Because the mass flow rate out is less than the mass flow rate in, there is a net
accumulation in the tank. Thus, transient.
(b) Because the flow rate in and the flow rate out are consistent for the duration of the
process, the process is continuous.
(c)
4.2
(a) Because the flow rates in and out are equal and unchanged throughout the process, the
process is steady-state.
(b) Because the flow rates are consistent for the duration of the process, the process is
continuous.

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(4.2 cont’d)
(c)
4.3 (a)
Input – Output = 0
Steady state  Accumulation = 0
No reaction  Generation = 0,
Consumption = 0
(1) Total Mass Balance: 1 0 0 .0 k g / h  m v  m l
(2) Benzene Balance: 0 .5 5 0  1 0 0 .0 k g B / h  0 .8 5 0 m v  0 .1 0 6 m l
Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously  m v  5 9 .7 k g h , m l  4 0 .3 k g h

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(b) The flow chart is identical to that of (a), except that mass flow rates (kg/h) are replaced
by masses (kg). The balance equations are also identical (initial input = final output).
(c) Possible explanations  a chemical reaction is taking place, the process is not at steady
state, the feed composition is incorrect, the flow rates are not what they are supposed to
be, other species are in the feed stream, measurement errors.
4.4 (a)
X-large: 25 broken eggs/min

35 unbroken eggs/min
120 eggs/min
0.30 broken egg/egg
Large: n 1 broken eggs/min
0.70 unbroken egg/egg
n 2 unbroken eggs/min
(b)
(c)
n 1  n 2  5 0 la rg e e g g s m in
(d)
4.5 (a)
(b) 3 unknowns ( m 1 , m 2 , m 3 )
– 2 balances
– 1 feed ratio
0 DF

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(c)
F e e d r a tio : m 1 / m 2  4 5 / 5 5 (1 )
S b a la n c e : 0 .1 5 m 1  m 2  0 .6 6 7 ( 2 )
S o lv e s im u lta n e o u s ly  m 1  0 .4 9 lb m s tr a w b e r r i e s , m 2  0 .5 9 lb m s u g a r
4.6 (a)
4 unknowns ( m 1 , m 2 , V 4 0 , m 3 )
– 2 balances
– 2 specific gravities
0 DF
(b)
3
300 gal 1 ft 0 .8 7 7  6 2 .4 lb m
m1  3
 2 1 9 5 lb m
7 .4 8 0 5 g a l ft
Overall balance: m 1  m 2  m 3 (1)
C2H5OH balance: 0 .7 5 0 m 1  0 .4 0 0 m 2  0 .6 0 0 m 3 (2)

Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously  m 2  1 6 4 6 lb m , , m 3  3 8 4 1 lb m
3
1 6 4 6 lb m ft 7 .4 8 0 5 g a l
V 40  3
 207 gal
0 .9 5 2  6 2 .4 lb m 1 ft
4.7 (a)
3 unknowns ( n 1 , n 2 , n 3 )
– 2 balances
1 DF

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(b)
(c)  . The dilution rate should be greater than the value calculated to ensure that ignition
is not possible even if the fuel feed rate increases slightly.
4.8 (a)
4 unknowns ( n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , v ) – 2 balances – 1 density – 1meter reading = 0 DF

Assume linear relationship: v  a R  b
v 2  v 1 9 6 .9  4 0 .0
Slope: a    1. 6 2 6
R 2  R1 50  15
DA balance: 0 .9 9 0 0 n 1  0 .9 0 0 n 3 (1)
Overall balance: n 1  n 2  n 3 (2)
Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously  n 1  5 8 9 0 lb - m o le s / h , n 3  6 4 8 0 lb - m o le s / h
(b) Bad calibration data, not at steady state, leaks, 7% value is wrong, v  R relationship is
not linear, extrapolation of analyzer correlation leads to error.

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4.9
4.10 (a)
(b)
1 0 0 0 to n s w e t s u g a r 3 to n s H 2 O
 3 0 to n s H 2 O / d a y
day 1 0 0 to n s w e t s u g a r
1 0 0 0 to n s W S 0 .8 0 0 to n s D S 2 0 0 0 lb m $ 0.1 5 3 6 5 d a y s 7
 $ 8.8  1 0 p e r y e a r
day to n W S to n lb m year

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(c)
(d) The evaporator is probably not working according to design specifications since
x w  0 .0 3 6 1  0 .0 4 5 0 .
4.11 (a)
Total mole balance: n 1  n 2  n 3  n 2  4 0 .1  1.5 5 6  3 8 .5 4 m o l / h
Water balance: 0 .0 4 0  4 0 .1   1 .5 5 6  x  3 8 .5 4   x  1 .2  1 0  3  m o l H 2 O / m o l
(b) The calcium chloride pellets have reached their saturation limit. Eventually the mole
fraction will reach that of the inlet stream, i.e. 4%.
4.12

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(a) Water removal rate: 2 0 0 .0  1 9 5 .0  5 .0 m l / m in
(b) v  1 5 0 0  5 .0  1 5 0 5 m l / m in
3 8 .8 m g u re a /m in
c   0 .0 2 5 8 m g u re a /m l
1 5 0 5 m l/m in
(c)
4.13 (a)
(b)
Overall balance: 1 0 0  m w  m 1 0

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First 4 evaporators
(c)
Y w  0 .3 1
x 4  0 .0 3 9 8
4.14 (a)
Overall process: 2 unknowns ( m 3 , m 5 ) Bypass: 2 unknowns ( m 1 , m 2 )
– 2 balances – 1 independent balance
0 DF 1 DF

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Evaporator: 3 unknowns ( m 1 , m 3 , m 4 ) Mixing point: 3 unknowns ( m 2 , m 4 , m 5 )
– 2 balances – 2 balances
1 DF 1 DF
Overall mass balance: 1 0 0  m 3  m 5

Mixing point mass balance: m 4  m 2  m 5 (1)
Mixing point S balance: 0 .5 8 m 4  0 .1 2 m 2  0 .4 2 m 5 (2)
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously
Bypass mass balance: 1 0 0  m 1  m 2
(b)
m 1  9 0 .0 5 k g , m 2  9 .9 5 k g , m 3  7 1.4 k g , m 4  1 8 .6 5 k g , m 5  2 8 .6 k g p ro d u c t
m2
Bypass fraction:  0 .0 9 5
100
(c) Over-evaporating could degrade the juice; additional evaporation could be uneconomical;
a stream consisting of 90% solids could be hard to transport.
4.15 (a)

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(b)
Bypass point mass balance: m 3  6 0 0 0  4 5 0 0  1 5 0 0 k g / h
Mass balance on treatment unit: m 5  4 5 0 0  2 2 0 .2  4 2 7 9 .8 k g / h
(c)
m 1 ( k g /h ) m 2 ( k g /h ) m 3 ( k g /h ) m 4 ( k g /h ) m 5 ( k g /h ) x 5 m 6 ( k g /h ) x 6
1000 1000 0 4 8 .9 951 0 .0 0 2 7 1 951 0 .0 0 2 7 1

2000 2000 0 9 7 .9 1902 0 .0 0 2 7 1 1902 0 .0 0 2 7 1
3000 3000 0 147 2853 0 .0 0 2 7 1 2853 0 .0 0 2 7 1
4000 4000 0 196 3804 0 .0 0 2 7 1 3804 0 .0 0 2 7 1
5000 4500 500 220 4280 0 .0 0 2 7 1 4780 0 .0 0 7 8 1
6000 4500 1500 220 4280 0 .0 0 2 7 1 5780 0 .0 1 5 4
7000 4500 2500 220 4280 0 .0 0 2 7 1 6780 0 .0 2 0 7
8000 4500 3500 220 4280 0 .0 0 2 7 1 7780 0 .0 2 4 7
9000 4500 4500 220 4280 0 .0 0 2 7 1 8780 0 .0 2 7 7
10000 4500 5500 220 4280 0 .0 0 2 7 1 9780 0 .0 3 0 1
m 1 vs. x 6
0 .0 3 5 0 0
0 .0 3 0 0 0
(k g C r / k g )
0 .0 2 5 0 0
0 .0 2 0 0 0
0 .0 1 5 0 0
0 .0 1 0 0 0
x 6
0 .0 0 5 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
m 1
(k g /h )

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(d) Cost of additional capacity – installation and maintenance, revenue from additional
recovered Cr, anticipated wastewater production in coming years, capacity of waste
lagoon, regulatory limits on Cr emissions.
4.16 (a)
(b) Basis: 1 mol A feed n A0  1 nB0  1 nC 0  n D 0  n I 0  0
Constants: a  3 .8 7 b   9 .7 4 c  4 .8 7
 9 .7 4  
1
 9 .7 4 
2
e   4  3 .8 7   4 .8 7    e 1  0 .6 8 8
2  3 .8 7 
 e2  1 .8 3 is a ls o a s o lu tio n b u t le a d s to a n e g a tiv e c o n v e r s io n 
nA0  nA  e1
Fractional conversion: X A   X B     0 .6 8 8
n A0 n A0

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(c) n A 0  80, nC 0  n D 0  n J 0  0
(d) Cost of reactants, selling price for product, market for product, rate of reaction, need for
heating or cooling, and many other items.
4.17 (a) A  2B  C
13
ln A 0  ln K e 1  1 1 4 5 8 T1  ln 1 0 .5  1 1 4 5 8 3 7 3   2 8 .3 7  A 0  4 .7 9  1 0
(b)
At equilibrium,

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(c) Basis: 1 mol A (CO)

n A0  1 nB0  1 nC 0  0  nT 0  2 , P  2 atm , T  4 2 3K
(For this particular set of initial conditions, we get a quadratic equation. In general, the
equation will be cubic.)
 e  0 .1 5 6 , 0.844 Reject the second solution, since it leads to a negative nB .
(d) Use the equations from part b.

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RESULTS: YA = 0.500, YB = 0.408, YC = 0.092, CON = 0.156

Note: This will only find one root — there are two others that can only be found by
choosing different initial values of  a
4.18 (a) CH 4
 O 2
  H C H O  H 2 O (1)
CH 4
 2O 2
  C O 2
 2H 2O (2)

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 
(b) n 1  5 0   1   2 (1)
 
n 2  5 0   1  2  2 (2)

n 3   1 (3)
 
n 4   1  2  2 (4)
n 5   2 (5)
50  n1 
(c) Fractional conversion:  0 .9 0 0  n1  5 .0 0 m o l C H /s
50 4
n3
Fractional yield:  0 .8 5 5  n 3  4 2 .7 5 m o l H C H O /s
50
y C H  0 .0 5 0 0 m o l C H 4 /m o l
4
E q u a tio n 3   1  4 2 .7 5 
 y O  0 .0 2 7 5 m o l O 2 /m o l
E q u a tio n 1   2  2 .2 5 2


E q u a tio n 2  n 2  2 .7 5   y H C H O  0 .4 2 7 5 m o l H C H O /m o l
E q u a tio n 4  n 4  4 7 .2 5  y H O  0 .4 7 2 5 m o l H 2 O /m o l
 2
E q u a tio n 5  n 5  2 .2 5 
y C O  0 .0 2 2 5 m o l C O 2 /m o l
2
Selectivity: [( 4 2 .7 5 m o l H C H O /s )/( 2 .2 5 m o l C O 2 /s )  1 9 .0 m o l H C H O /m o l C O 2
4.19 (a)
2C O 2
 2C O  O 2
2A  2B  C
O 2
 N 2
 2N O C  D  2E

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(b)
(c) nA0 = nC0 = nD0 = 0.333, nB0 = nE0 = 0  e1 =0.0593, e2 = 0.0208
 yA = 0.2027, yB = 0.1120, yC = 0.3510, yD = 0.2950, yE = 0.0393
(d)
(Solution given following program listing.)

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4.20 (a)
Splitting point: 1 allowed material balance

Reactor: 1 mass balance + 99% conversion of R (=> 2 equations)
Mixing point: 2 allowed material balances (1 mass, 1 on R
 7 u n k n o w n s ( m A 0 , f , x R A , m B 0 , m 3 , x R 3 , m P )  5 e q u a tio n s  2 d e g re e s o f fre e d o m

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(b) Mass balance on splitting point: mA0 = mB0 + f mA0 (1)
Mass balance on reactor: 2 mB0 = m3 (2)
99% conversion of R: xR3 m3 = 0.01 xRA mB0 (3)
Mass balance on mixing point: m3 + f mA0 = mP (4)
R balance on mixing point: xR3 m3 + xRA f mA0 = 0.0075 mP (5)
Given xRA and mP, solve simultaneously for mA0, mB0, f, m3, xR3
(c) mA0 = 2778 kg A/h
mB0 = 2072 kg B/h
fA = 0.255 kg bypass/kg fresh feed
(d)

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f vs. xRA
0.60
f (kg bypass/kg fresh feed)

0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
xRA (kg R/kg A)
4.21 (a) Basis: 100 mol feed/h
1 0 0 m o l/h n 1 ( m o l /h ) n3 (m ol C H O H / h)
3
r e a cto r co n d .
3 2 m o l C O /h .1 3 m o l N /m o l
2
64 m ol H 2
/ h
4 mol N 2
/ h
5 00 m ol / h
x1 ( m o l N /m o l)
2 n3 (m ol / h)
x 2 ( m o l C O / m o l)
x1 ( m o l N 2
/m o l)
1 - x1 - x2 ( m o l H / h)
2 x 2 ( m o l C O / m o l)
1 - x1 - x2 ( m o l H 2
/ h)
P urg e
Mixing point balances:

total: (100) + 500 = n1  n1 = 600 mol/h
N2: 4 + x1 * 500 = .13 * 600  x1 = 0.148 mol N2/mol
Overall system balances:

N2: 4 = n 3 ( 0 .1 4 8 )  n3 = 27 mol/h
A to m ic C : 3 2 (1)  n 2 (1)  2 7 x 2 (1) n 2  2 4 .3 m o l C H 3 O H / h

=>
A to m ic H : 6 4 ( 2 )  n 2 ( 4 )  2 7 (1  0 .1 4 8  x 2 )( 2 ) x 2  0 .2 8 4 m o l C O / m o l
Overall CO conversion: 100*[32-0.284(27)]/32 = 76%

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Single pass CO conversion: 24.3/ (32+.284*500) = 14%
(b) Recycle: To recover unconsumed CO and H2 and get a better overall conversion.
Purge: to prevent buildup of N2.
4.22 (a) Basis: 1000 g gas
Species m (g) MW n (mol) mole % (wet) mole % (dry)

C3H8 800 44.09 18.145 77.2% 87.5%
C4H10 150 58.12 2.581 11.0% 12.5%
H2O 50 18.02 2.775 11.8%
Total 1000 23.501 100% 100%
Total moles = 23.50 mol, Total moles (dry) = 20.74 mol

Ratio: 2.775 / 20.726 = 0 .1 3 4 m o l H 2 O / m o l d ry g a s
(b)
C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O, C4H10 + 13/2 O2  4 CO2 + 5 H2O

Theoretical O2:
1 0 0 The
k g ganswer
a s 8 0 kdoes
g C not
H change
1 k m o lfor
3
C incomplete
H
8
5 k m combustion
ol O 3 8 2
C 3H 8:  9 .0 7 k m o l O 2
/ h
h 100 kg gas 4 4 .0 9 k g C 3 H 8
1 km ol C 3H 8
100 kg gas 15 kg C 4 H 10
1 km ol C 4 H 10
6 .5 k m o l O 2
C4H 10
:  1 .6 8 k m o l O 2
/ h
h 100 kg gas 5 8 .1 2 k g C 4 H 10
1 km ol C 4 H 10
Total: (9.07 + 1.68) kmol O2/h = 10.75 kmol O2/h

1 0 .7 5 k m o l O 2 1 k m o l A ir 1 .3 k m o l a ir fe d
Air feed rate:  6 6 .5 k m o l a ir / h
h .2 1 k m o l O 2
1 k m o l a ir re q u ire d

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4.23 (a) C4H10 + 13/2 O2  4 CO2 + 5 H2O
(b)

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4.24 (a) C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O H2 +1/2 O2  H2O

C3H8 + 7/2 O2  3 CO + 4 H2O

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(b)
4.25 (a) C5H12 + 8 O2  5 CO2 + 6 H2O

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(b)
(c)

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4.26 (a) Basis: 5000 kg coal/h; 50 kmol a ir m in  3 0 0 0 k m o l a ir h
5 0 0 0 kg c o a l / h
0 .7 5 kg C / k g
n 1 ( km o l O 2
/ h)
0 .1 7 k g H / k g
n 2 ( km o l N 2
/ h)
0 .0 2 k g S / k g
C + 0 2 - -> C O n 3 ( km o l C O 2
/ h)
2
0 .0 6 k g a s h / k g
2 H + 1 /2 O - ->H 2O 0 .1 n 3 ( km o l C O / h )
2
S + O - -> S O n 4 ( km o l S O 2
/ h)
2 2
3 0 0 0 km o l a ir / h C + 1 /2 O - -> C O n 5 ( km o l H 2 O / h )
2
0 .2 1 k m o l O 2
/ km o l
0 .7 9 k m o l N / km o l
2 m o k g s la g / h
T h e o re tic a l O 2 :
Total = (312.2+210.4 + 3.1) kmol O2/h = 5 2 5 .7 k m o l O 2 h
6 3 0  5 2 5 .7
Excess air:  1 0 0 %  1 9 .8 % e x c e s s a ir
5 2 5 .7
(b) Balances:
 n 3  2 6 6 .8 k m o l C O 2
h , 0 .1 n 3  2 6 .7 k m o l C O h
 n 4  3 .1 k m o l S O 2
h

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 n 1  1 3 6 .4 k m o l O 2
/ h
Stack gas total  3223 km ol h
Mole fractions:
3
x C O  2 6 .7 3 2 2 4  8 .3  1 0 m ol C O m ol
4
x SO  3 .1 3 2 2 4  9 .6  1 0 m ol SO 2
m ol
2
(c)
1
SO 2  O 2  SO 3
2
S O 3  H 2 O  H 2S O 4
3 .1 k m o l S O 2 1 km ol SO 3 1 km ol H 2S O 4 9 8 .0 8 k g H 2 S O 4
 304 kg H 2S O 4 h
h 1 km ol SO 2 1 km ol SO 3 km ol H 2S O 4
4.27 Basis 100 mol dry fuel gas. Assume no solid or liquid products!
n1 (m ol C )
1 00 m ol d ry g as
n2 (m ol H )
n3 (m ol S) C + 0 2 - -> C O 2
0 .7 2 0 m o l C O 2
/ mol
C + 1 /2 O - -> C O
2 0 .0 2 5 7 m o l C O / m o l
2 H + 1 /2 O - ->H 2O
2 0 .0 0 0 5 9 2 m o l S O 2
/ mol
S + O - -> S O 2
2 0 .2 5 4 m o l O 2
/ mol
n 4 ( m o l O 2) n 5 ( m o l H 2O ( v) )
( 2 0% excess)
H balance : n  2 n 
2 5

O balance : 2 n 4  100 [ 2(0.720)  0.0257  2 (0.000592)  2 (0.254)]  n 5 

20 % excess O : (1.20) (74.57  0.0592  0.25 n ] n
2 2 4 
 n2 = 183.6 mol H, n4 = 144.6 mol O2, n5 = 91.8 mol H2O

Total moles in feed: 258.4 mol (C+H+S)  28.9% C, 71.1% H, 0.023% S

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
5.2
(a)
(b)

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5.3 (a)
(b)
-3 3
755 m m H g 1 a tm 1 .1  1 0 m / m in 1 0 0 0 m o l
n CO  3
 0 .0 4 4 m o l/m in
2 m  a tm
0 .0 8 2 0 6 k m o lK
760 m m H g 300 K 1 km ol
5.4 Basis: Given flow rates of outlet gas. Assume ideal gas behavior
3 o
 1 ( k g / m in ) 3 1 1 m / m in , 8 3 C , 1 a tm
m
n 3 ( k m o l / m in )
0 .7 0 k g H 2 O / k g
0 .1 2 k m o l H 2 O / k m o l
0 .3 0 k g S / k g
0 .8 8 k m o l d r y a ir / k m o l
n 2 ( k m o l a ir / m in )
V 2 ( m / m in )
3
 4 ( k g S / m in)
m
o
1 6 7 C , - 4 0 cm H 2 O gauge
(a)

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(b) If the velocity of the air is too high, the powdered milk would be blown out of the
reactor by the air instead of falling to the conveyor belt.
5.5
(a)
(b)
(c) CO2 sublimates ⇒ large volume change due to phase change ⇒ rapid pressure rise.
Sublimation causes temperature drop; afterwards, T gradually rises back to room
temperature, increase in T at constant V ⇒ slow pressure rise.
5.6 (a) It is safer to release a mixture that is too lean to ignite.

If a mixture that is rich is released in the atmosphere, it can diffuse in the air and the
C3H8 mole fraction can drop below the UFL, thereby producing a fire hazard.

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(b)
fuel-air mixture
n 1 ( m o l / s )
n 3 ( m o l / s )
y C H  0 .0 4 0 3 m o l C 3 H 8
/ m ol
3 8 0 .0 2 0 5 m o l C 3 H 8 / m o l
n C  150 m ol C 3H /s
3H 8 8
diluting air
n 2 ( m o l / s )
(c)
(d)
5.7
o
2 4 C , 1 a tm
o
6 0 0 0 m L / m in 3 7 C , 1 a tm
lungs
n o u t ( m o l / m in )
n in (m o l / m in )
0 .1 5 1 O 2
0 .2 0 6 O 2
blood 0 .0 3 7 C O 2
0 .7 7 4 N 2
0 .7 5 0 N 2
0 .0 2 0 H 2 O
0 .0 6 2 H 2 O

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(a)
(b)
5.8
(a) B a s is : 1 .0 m o l fe e d
9 0 % N O c o n v e rs io n : n 1  0 .1 0 ( 0 .2 0 )  0 .0 2 0 m o l N O  N O re a c te d = 0 .1 8 m o l
0 .1 8 m o l N O 0 .5 m o l O 2
O 2 b a la n c e: n 2  0 .8 0 ( 0 .2 1 )   0 .0 7 8 0 m o l O 2
m ol N O
N 2
b a la n c e : n 3  0 .8 0 ( 0 .7 9 )  0 .6 3 2 m o l N 2
0 .1 8 m o l N O 1 m o l N O 2
n4   0 .1 8 m o l N O 2  n f  n 1  n 2  n 3  n 4  0 .9 1 m o l
1 m ol N O

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0 .0 2 0 m o l N O m ol N O
y NO   0 .0 2 2
0 .9 1 m o l m ol
m ol O 2 m ol N m ol N O
 0 .0 8 6  0 .6 9 5  0 .1 9 8
2 2
yO yN y NO
2 2 2
m ol m ol m ol
(b)
Pf 360 kPa
nf = n0  ( 1 m o l)  0 .9 5 m o l
P0 380 kPa
360 kPa
P (a tm ) =  3 .5 5 a tm
kPa
1 0 1 .3 a tm
5.9 B a s is : 1 0 0 k m o l d ry p ro d u c t g a s

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(a) N 2
b a la n c e : 0 .7 9 n 2  0 .8 4 2 ( 1 0 0 )  n 2 = 1 0 6 .6 k m o l a ir
(b)
6
5.10 B a s is: 1 .0 0  1 0 g a l. w a s te w a te r d a y . N e g le c t e v a p o ra tio n o f w a te r .
6 
1. 0 0  1 0 gal / day E fflu e n t g a s : 6 8 F , 2 1 .3 p s ia (a s s u m e )
n 1 (lb -m o le s H 2 O /d a y) n 2 (lb -m o le s a ir/d a y)

0 .0 3 n 1 (lb -m o le s N H 3 /d a y) n 3 (lb -m o le s N H 3 /d a y)
6 3 6 3
300  10 ft a ir / d a y 300  10 ft a ir / d a y
6 8 F , 2 1 .3 p s ia n 1 (lb -m o le s H 2 O /d a y)
n 2 (lb -m o le s a ir/d a y) n 4 (lb -m o le s N H 3 /d a y)

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(a)

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5.11

PV 205 kPa 1 0 .0 m
3
/ m in
n e x it   3
 0 .3 7 7 k m o l / m in
m k P a
RT 8 .3 1 4 653 K
k m o lK
0 .0 6 6 7 n 0 (k m o l H 2 S fe d ) 1.5 k m o l O 2 1 k m o l a ir
A ir fe e d to fu rn a c e : n a ir 
(m in ) 1 k m o l H 2 S 0 .2 1 k m o l O 2
 0 .4 7 6 4 n 0 k m o l a ir / m in
0 .4 7 6 4 n 0 (k m o l a ir) 0 .7 9 k m o l N
b a la n c e : n 3   0 .3 7 6 4 n 0 ( k m o l N
2
O v e ra ll N 2 2
/ m in )
(m in ) m in
0 .2 0 0 n 0 (k m o l H 2 S ) 1 km ol S
O v e ra ll S b a la n c e : n 6   0 .2 0 0 n 0 (k m o l S / m in )
(m in ) 1 km ol H 2S
O v e ra ll C O 2 b a la n c e : n 5  0 .8 0 0 n 0 (k m o l C O 2 / m in )
0 .2 0 0 n 0 (k m o l H 2 S ) 2 km ol H n 4 k m o l H 2 O 2 km ol H
O v e ra ll H b a la n c e : 
(m in ) 1 km ol H 2S m in 1 km ol H 2 O
 n 4 = 0 .2 0 0 n 0 (k m o l H 2 O / m in )
n a ir = 0 .4 7 6 4 (0 .2 4 k m o l a ir / m in )  0 .1 1 4 k m o l a ir / m in

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5.12 B a s is : 1 0 0 k g o re fe d  8 2 .0 k g F e S 2 ( s ), 1 8 .0 k g I.
3
1 0 0 kg ore V out m (S T P )
n 2 (k m o l S O 2 )
0 .6 8 3 3 k m o l F e S 2 n 3 (k m o l S O 3 )
18 kg I n 4 (k m o l O 2 )
n 5 (k m o l N 2 )
4 0 % ex cess air
n 1 ( k m o l) m 6 (k g F e S 2 )
0 .2 1 O 2 m 7 (k g F e 2 O 3 )
0 .7 9 N 2 18 kg I
3
V1 m (S T P )
2 F e S 2 (s )  11
2
O 2 (g )
 Fe2O 3 (s )
 4S O 2 (g )
2 F e S 2 (s )  15
2
O 2 (g )
 Fe2O 3 (s )
 4S O 3 (g )
0 .6 8 3 3 k m o l F e S 2 7 .5 k m o l O 1 k m o l a ir re q ' d 1.4 0 k m o l a ir fe d
n1   1 7 .0 8 k m o l a ir
2
(a)
2 km ol FeS 2 0 .2 1 k m o l O 2 k m o l a ir r e q ' d
( 0 .8 5 )( 0 .4 0 ) 0 .6 8 3 3 k m o l F e S 2 4 k m o l S O 2
n2   0 .4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 2
2 km ol FeS 2
( 0 .8 5 )( 0 .6 0 ) 0 .6 8 3 3 k m o l F e S 2 4 k m o l S O 2
n3   0 .6 9 7 0 k m o l S O 3
2 km ol FeS 2
.4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 5 .5 k m o l O
2 2
n   0 .2 1  1 7 .0 8  k m o l O fe d 
4 2 4 km ol SO
2
.6 9 7 k m o l S O 7 .5 k m o l O
3 2
  1 .6 4 1 k m o l O
4 km ol SO 2
3
V o u t =   0 .4 6 4 6 + 0 .6 9 7 0 + 1 .6 4 1 + 1 3 .4 9  k m o l   2 2 .4 S C M (S T P )/k m o l 
 3 6 5 S C M /1 0 0 k g o re fe d
0 .4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 2
y SO   1 0 0 %  2 .9 % ; y S O  4 .3 % ; y O  1 0 .1 % ; y N  8 2 .8 %
2 3 2 2
1 6 .2 8 5 k m o l

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(b)
converter
0 .4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 2 n SO ( k m o l)
2
0 .6 9 7 k m o l S O 3 n SO ( k m o l)
3
1. 6 3 3 k m o l O 2 nO ( k m o l)
2
1 3 .4 9 k m o l N 2 nN ( k m o l)
2
L e t  (k m o l) = e x te n t o f re a c tio n
n S O  0 .4 6 4 6   
0 .4 6 4 6   0 .6 9 7  
 y SO  , y SO 
2
n S O  0 .6 9 7  
 1 6 .2 9 - 2 
1
1 6 .2 9 - 12 
2 3
3
n O  1 .6 4 1  1
 
1 .6 4 1  12 
2 2
 1 3 .4 9
nN  1 3 .4 9 yO  , yN 

2
1 6 .2 9 - 2 
1
1 6 .2 9 - 12 
2 2
n = 1 6 .2 9 - 12  
1
P  y SO ( 0 .6 9 7   )  1 6 .2 9  1
  2
2 -1
 P  K p (T )
3
K p (T )= 1 1
2
P  y SO ( P  y O ) ( 0 .4 6 4 6   )  1 .6 4 1  1
 
2 2
2 2 2
-1
   0 .1 7 0 7 k m o l
o
P = 1 a tm , T = 6 0 0 C , K p
 9 .5 3 a tm 2
 0 .4 6 4 6  0 .2 9 3 9  k m o l S O 2 r e a c te d
 n S O  0 .2 9 3 9 k m o l  f S O   0 .3 6 7
2 2
0 .4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 2 f e d
-1
   0 .4 5 4 8 k m o l
o
P = 1 a tm , T = 4 0 0 C , K p
 3 9 7 a tm 2
 n S O  0 .0 0 9 8 k m o l  f S O  0 .9 7 9
2 2
The gases are initially heated in order to get the reaction going at a reasonable rate. Once
the reaction approaches equilibrium the gases are cooled to produce a higher equilibrium
conversion of SO2.
(c) S O 3 le a v in g c o n v e rte r: (0 .6 9 7 0 + 0 .4 6 8 7 ) k m o l = 1 .1 5 6 k m o l
1 .1 5 6 k m o l S O 3
1 km ol H 2SO 4
98 kg H 2SO 4
  1 1 3 .3 k g H 2 S O 4
m in 1 km ol SO 3
km ol
0 .6 8 3 k m o l F e S 2 2 km ol S 3 2 .1 k g S
S u lfu r in o re:  4 3 .8 k g S
km ol FeS 2 km ol
1 1 3 .3 k g H 2 S O 4 kg H 2S O 4
 2 .5 9
4 3 .8 k g S kg S
0 .6 8 3 k m o l F e S 2 2 km ol S 1 km ol H 2S O 98 kg
 1 3 3 .9 k g H 2 S O
4
100% conv.of S : 4
km ol FeS 2 1 km ol S km ol
1 3 3 .9 k g H 2 S O kg H 2S O
  3 .0 6
4 4
4 3 .8 k g S kg S

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
The sulfur is not completely converted to H2SO4 because of (i) incomplete oxidation of
FeS2 in the roasting furnace, (ii) incomplete conversion of SO2 to SO3 in the converter.
5.13
n 4 (k m o l C O / h )
n 5 (k m o l H 2 / h )
Reactor separator
n 1 ( k m o l C O / h ) 100 km ol C O / h n 4 ( k m o l C O /h ) n 6 (k m o l C H 3 O H /h )
n 2 ( k m o l H 2 / h ) n 3 (k m o l H 2 / h )
n 5 ( k m o l H 2 /h )
T (K ), P (k P a )
H (% H excess) n 6 ( k m o l C H 3 O H /h )
xs 2
T, P
(a)
% X S H 2 , 2 a to m ic b a la n c e s , E q . re la tio n  f o u r e q u a tio n s in n 3 , n 4 , n 5 , a n d n 6
5% excess H 2
in re a c to r fe e d :
100 m ol C O 2 m ol H 2
re q 'd 1 .0 5 m o l H 2
fe d m ol H
n3   210
2
h m ol C O 1 m ol H 2
re q 'd h
C b a la n c e: 1 0 0 (1)  n 4 (1)  n 6 (1)  n 4  1  n 6 (1 )
H b a la n c e: 2 1 0 ( 2 )  n 5 ( 2 )  n 6 ( 4 )  n 5  2 1 0  2 n 6 (2 )
n T  n 4  n 5  n 6  1 0 0  n 6    2 1 0  2 n 6   n 6  3 1 0  2 n 6
S o lv in g fo r n 6  n 6  7 5 .7 k m o l M /h
 n 4  1 0 0  n 6  2 4 .3 k m o l C O /h , n 5  2 1 0  2 n 6  5 8 .6 k m o l H 2
/h
1 km ol C O 2 km ol H
n1  n 6  7 5 .7 k m o l C O /h , n 2  n 6  1 5 1 k m o l H 2 /h
2
1 km ol M 1 km ol M
3
2 2 .4 m (S T P )
V re c   n 4  n 5   1860 SC M H
km ol

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b)
n 3 (k m o l n 4 (k m o l n 5 (k m o l
P (k P a ) T (K ) H x s (% ) K p (T)E 8 K p P ^2 H 2/h) C O /h) H 2/h)
1000 500 5 9.1E + 01 0.91 210 74.45 158.90
5000 500 5 9.1E + 01 22.78 210 91.00 192.00
10000 500 5 9.1E + 01 91.11 210 13.28 36.56
5000 400 5 3.1E + 04 7849.77 210 1.07 12.15
5000 500 5 9.1E+ 01 22.78 210 24.32 58.64
5000 600 5 1.6E + 00 0.41 210 85.42 180.84
5000 500 0 9.1E + 01 22.78 200 26.65 53.30
5000 500 5 9.1E + 01 22.78 210 24.32 58.64
5000 500 10 9.1E + 01 22.78 220 22.23 64.45
n 6 (k m o l ntot K p P ^2 - n 1 (k m o l n 2 (k m o l V re c
M /h) (k m o l/ h ) K pc E 8 K p c P ^2 C O /h) H 2/h) (S C M H )
25.55 258.90 9 . 1 E -0 1 1 . 3 E -0 5 25.55 51.10 5227
9.00 292.00 2 . 3 E -0 1 2.3E + 01 9.00 18.00 6339
86.72 136.56 9.1E + 01 4 . 9 E -0 3 86.72 173.44 1116
98.93 112.15 7.8E + 03 3 . 2 E -0 8 98.93 197.85 296
75.68 158.64 2.3E+ 01 3 . 4 E -0 3 75.68 151.36 1858
14.58 280.84 4 . 1 E -0 1 -2 . 9 E -0 4 14.58 29.16 5964
73.35 153.30 2.3E + 01 9 . 8 E -0 3 73.35 146.70 1791
75.68 158.64 2.3E + 01 3 . 4 E -0 3 75.68 151.36 1858
77.77 164.45 2.3E + 01 -3 . 1 E -0 3 77.77 155.55 1942
(c) Increase yield by raising pressure, lowering temperature, increasing Hxs. Increasing the
pressure raises costs because more compression is needed.
(d) If the temperature is too low, a low reaction rate may keep the reaction from reaching
equilibrium in a reasonable time period.
(e) Assumed that reaction reached equilibrium, ideal gas behavior, complete condensation of
methanol, not steady-state measurement errors.
5.14 (a)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
RT 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L  a tm 2 2 3 K
(b) V id e a l    0 .3 6 6 L / m o l
P m o l  K 5 0 .0 a tm
(c)
T(K ) P (a t m ) c3 c2 c1 c0 V (id e a l) V f(V ) % e rro r
(L / m o l) (L / m o l)
223 1.0 1.0 -1 8 . 3 3 6 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 18.2994 18.2633 0.0000 0.2
223 10.0 10.0 -1 8 . 6 6 5 4 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 1.8299 1.7939 0.0000 2.0
223 50.0 50.0 -2 0 . 1 2 9 4 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 0.3660 0.3313 0.0008 10.5
223 100.0 100.0 -2 1 . 9 5 9 4 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 0.1830 0.1532 -0 . 0 0 0 7 19.4
223 200.0 200.0 -2 5 . 6 1 9 4 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 0.0915 0.0835 0.0002 9.6
(d) 1 eq. in 1 unknown - use Newton-Raphson.
g
 1 5 0 V  4 0 .2 5 9 V + 1 .3 3
2
Eq. (A.2-13)  a 

V
s o lv e
g
Eq. (A.2-14)  ad   g  d 
a
Then  (k + 1 )  V
V  (k )  d Guess V (1 )  V id e a l  0 .3 6 6 0 L / m o l .
V  (k + 1 )
(k )
V
1 0.3660 0.33714
2 0.33714 0.33137
3 0.33137 0.33114
4 0.33114 0.33114 converged
5.15 (a)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b)
P ro b le m 5 . 6 3 -S R K E q u a t io n S p re a d s h e e t
S p e c ie s CO2
Tc (K ) 304.2 R = 0 . 0 8 2 0 6 m ^3 a t m / k m o l K
P c (a t m ) 72.9
 0.225
a 3 . 6 5 3 9 2 4 m ^6 a t m / k m o l^2
b 0 . 0 2 9 6 6 8 m ^3 / k m o l
m 0.826312
f(V )= B 1 4 * E 1 4 ^3 -0 . 0 8 2 0 6 * A 1 4 * E 1 4 ^2 + ($ B $ 7 * C 1 4 -$ B $ 8 ^2 * B 1 4 -$ B $ 8 * 0 . 0 8 2 0 6 * A 1 4 )* E 1 4 -C 1 4 * $ B $ 7 * $ B $ 8
T(K ) P (a t m ) a lp h a V (id e a l) V (S R K ) f(V )

200 6.8 1.3370 2.4135 2.1125 0.0003
250 12.3 1.1604 1.6679 1.4727 0.0001
300 6.8 1.0115 3.6203 3.4972 0.0001
300 21.5 1.0115 1.1450 1.0149 0.0000
300 50.0 1.0115 0.4924 0.3392 0.0001
(c) E-Z Solve solves the equation f(V)=0 in one step. Answers identical to VSRK values in
part b.
(d)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
5.16 (a)
(b)
5.17

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
V 5 0 .0 m L 4 4 .0 1 g
5.18 (a) V =   4 4 0 .1 m L / m o l
n 5 .0 0 g m ol
RT 8 2 .0 6 m L  a tm 1000 K
P =   1 8 6 a tm
V m o l  K 4 4 0 .1 m L / m o l
(b) For C O 2 : T c  3 0 4 .2 K , P c  7 2 .9 a tm
T 1000 K
Tr    3 .2 8 7 3
Tc 3 0 4 .2 K
id e a l V P c 4 4 0 .1 m L 7 2 .9 a tm m ol  K
Vr    1. 2 8
R Tc m o l 3 0 4 .2 K 8 2 .0 6 m L  a tm
id e a l
F ig u re 5 .4 -3 : V r  1 .2 8 a n d T r  3 .2 9  z = 1 .0 2
zR T 1 .0 2 8 2 .0 6 m L  a tm m ol 1000 K
P=   1 9 0 a tm
Vˆ m ol  K 4 4 0 .1 m L
6 2 2
a = 3 .6 5 4  1 0 m L  a tm /m o l , b = 2 9 .6 7 m L /m o l, m  0 .8 2 6 3,
(c)
 (1 0 0 0 K )  0 .1 0 7 7
5.19 (a) F o r C O : T c  1 3 3 .0 K , P c  3 4 .5 a tm
2 5 1 4 .7 p s ia 1 5 0 L 1 a tm m ol  K
n1   1022 m ol
1 .0 2 3 0 0 K 1 4 .7 p s ia 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L  a tm
2 2 5 9 .7 p s ia 1 5 0 L 1 a tm m ol  K
n2   918 m ol
1 .0 2 3 0 0 K 1 4 .7 p s ia 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L  a tm
n1  n 2
n le a k =  1.7 3 m o l / h
60 h

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6 3
PV 200  10 m ol C O 1 a tm 3 0 .7 m 1000 L
(b) n 2  y 2 n a ir  y 2   0 .2 5 m o l
L  a tm 3
RT m o l a ir 0 .0 8 2 0 6 m o lK
300 K m
n2 0 .2 5 m o l
t m in    0 .1 4 h
n le a k 1 .7 3 m o l / h
 t m in w o u ld b e g re a te r b e c a u s e th e ro o m is n o t p e rfe c tl y s e a le d
(c) (i) CO may not be evenly dispersed in the room air; (ii) you could walk into a high
concentration area; (iii) there may be residual CO left from another tank; (iv) the tank
temperature could be higher than the room temperature, and the estimate of gas escaping
could be low.
5.20
P in V in
3
z in n R T in P o u t z in T in ft 1 4 .7 p s ia 1 .0 1 4 2 3 .2 K
  V in  V o u t   1 5 ,0 0 0
P o u t V o u t z out n R Tout P in z out Tout m in 2 0 0 0 p s ia 1 .0 0 3 7 3 .2
3
 1 2 6 ft / m in
If the ideal gas equation of state were used, the factor 1.01 would instead be 1.00
  1 % e rro r
5.21
Final: P r  1 8 8 9 .7 5 2 4 .8  3 .6  z 1  0 .9 7
Total moles leaked:

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
1 0 .3 m o l C O
Mole% CO in room =  1 0 0 %  1. 0 % C O
9 7 3 .4 m o l

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 (a) P fin a l  2 4 3 m m H g . Since liquid is still present, the pressure and temperature must lie
on the vapor-liquid equilibrium curve, where by definition the pressure is the vapor
pressure of the species at the system temperature.
(b) Assuming ideal gas behavior for the vapor,
(3 .0 0 0 - 0 .0 1 0 ) L m ol  K 243 m m H g 1 a tm 1 1 9 .3 9 g
m (v a p o r)   4 .5 9 g
(3 0 + 2 7 3 .2 ) K 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L  a tm 760 m m H g m ol
10 m L 1 .4 8 9 g
m (liq u id )   1 4 .8 9 g
mL
m to ta l
 m (v a p o r) + m (liq u id ) = 1 9 .5 g
4 .5 9
x vapor =  0 .2 3 5 g v a p o r / g to ta l
1 9 .4 8
 1 2 3 8 .7 1 * 2 .3 7 0
6.2 (a) lo g 1 0 p  7 .0 9 8 0 8   2 .3 7 0  p  10  2 3 4 .5 m m H g
45  217
(b)
(c)
6.3
Hv 7076 K 8 .3 1 4 J 1 kJ
 7076K   H v  3
 5 8 .8 k J m o l
R m ol  K 10 J

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.4
6.5
3
T1  3 9 .5  C , p 1   4 0 0 m m H g  x 1  3 .1 9 8 0  1 0 , y 1  5 .9 9 1 4 6
3
T 2  5 6 .5  C , p 2   7 6 0 m m H g  x 2  3 .0 3 3 1  1 0 , y 2  6 .6 3 3 3 2
3
T  5 0  C  x  3 .0 9 4 1  1 0
6.6

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.6 cont’d)
6.7 (a) At the dew point,


p ( H 2 O ) = p ( H 2 O ) = 5 0 0  0 .1 = 5 0 m m H g  T = 3 8 .1  C fro m T a b le B .3 .
3
3 0 .0 L 273 K 500 m m H g 1 m ol 0 .1 0 0 m o l H 2 O 1 8 .0 2 g 1 c m
(b) VH
2O
  1. 3 4 c m
3
(5 0 + 2 7 3 ) K 760 m m H g 2 2 .4 L (S T P ) m ol m ol g
(c) ( iv ) ( th e g a u g e p r e s s u r e )
6.8 T  7 8  F = 2 5 .5 6  C , Pb a r  2 9 .9 in H g = 7 5 9 .5 m m H g , hr  87%
 
D ew P o in t: p  T d p  y H O P  0 .0 2 8 1  7 5 9 .5   2 1 .3 4 m m H g
2
T d p  2 3 .2  C
0 .0 2 8 1
hm   0 .0 2 8 9 m o l H 2 O m o l d ry a ir
1  0 .0 2 8 1
0 .0 2 8 9 m o l H 2 O 1 8 .0 2 g H 2 O m o l d ry a ir
ha   0 .0 1 8 0 g H 2 O g d ry a ir
m o l d ry a ir m ol H 2O 2 9 .0 g d ry a ir
hm 0 .0 2 8 9
hp   100%   1 0 0  8 6 .5 %
p   2 5 .5 6  C   P  p   2 5 .5 6  C   2 4 .5 5 9  7 5 9 .5  2 4 .5 5 9 
6.9 B a s is I : 1 m o l h u m id a ir @ 7 0  F (2 1 .1 C ), 1 a tm , h r  5 0 %
0 .5 0  1 8 .7 6 5 m m H g m ol H 2
O
yH   0 .0 1 2
2O
7 6 0 .0 m m H g m ol
0 .0 1 2 m o l H 2 O 1 8 .0 2 g 0 .9 8 8 m o l d ry a ir 2 9 .0 g
M a s s o f a ir:   2 8 .8 7 g
1 m ol 1 m ol
2 8 .8 7 g
D e n s ity o f a ir   1.1 9 6 g L
2 4 .1 3 L
B a s is II : 1 m o l h u m id a ir @ 7 0  F (2 1 .1 C ), 1 a tm , h r  8 0 %

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
0 .8 0  1 8 .7 6 5 m m H g m ol H 2 O
yH   0 .0 2 0
2O
7 6 0 .0 m m H g m ol
(6.9 cont’d)
M a s s o f a ir:   2 8 .7 8 g
1 m ol 1 m ol
2 8 .7 8 g
D e n s ity o f a ir   1.1 9 3 g L
2 4 .1 3 L
B a s is III: 1 m o l h u m id a ir @ 9 0  F (3 2 .2  C ), 1 a tm , h r  8 0 %
0 .8 0  3 6 .0 6 8 m m H g m ol H 2 O
yH   0 .0 3 8
2O
7 6 0 .0 m m H g m ol
M a s s o f a ir:   2 8 .5 8 g
1 m ol 1 m ol
2 8 .5 8 g
D e n s ity   1.1 4 1 g L
2 5 .0 4 L
In c r e a s e in T  in c r e a s e in V  d e c r e a s e in d e n s ity
In c r e a s e in h r  m o r e w a te r ( M W = 1 8 ) , le s s d r y a ir ( M W = 2 9 )
 d e c r e a s e in m  d e c r e a s e in d e n s ity
S in c e th e d e n s ity in h o t, h u m id a ir is lo w e r th a n in c o o le r , d r y e r a ir , th e b u o y a n c y f o r c e
o n th e b a ll m u s t a ls o b e lo w e r . T h e r e f o r e , th e s ta te m e n t is w r o n g .
6.10 , p  2 9 .7 in H g
T  9 0  F = 3 2 .2  C = 7 5 4 .4 m m H g , hr  95%
Basis: 10 gal water condensed/min
3
10 gal H 2O 1 ft 6 2 .4 3 lb m 1 lb -m o l
n condensed  3
 4 .6 3 1 lb -m o le /m in
m in 7 .4 8 0 5 g a l ft 1 8 .0 2 lb m
3
V1 ( f t / m in )
n 2 (lb - m o le s / m in )
n 1 ( lb - m o le s / m in )
y2 (lb-mol H2O (v)/lb-mol) (sat’d)
y1 (lb-mol H2O (v)/lb-mol) (1-y2) (lb-mol DA/lb-mol)

(1-y1) (lb-mol DA/lb-mol) 40oF (4.4oC), 754 mm Hg
hr=95%, 90oF (32.2oC),
29.7 in Hg (754 mm Hg) 4.631 lb-moles H2O (l)/min

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.10 cont’d)
6 .2 7 4
 4 .4  C 
*
R a o u lt's la w : y 2 P  p y2   0 .0 0 8 1 7 lb -m o l H 2 O lb -m o l
7 5 4 .4
M o le b a la n c e : n 1  n 2  4 .6 3 1   n 1  1 2 4 .7 lb -m o le s /m in
 
W a te r b a la n c e : 0 .0 4 5 n 1  0 .0 0 8 1 7 n 2  4 .6 3 1   n 2  1 2 0 .1 lb -m o le s /m in
3 o
1 2 4 .7 lb -m o le s 3 5 9 ft (S T P ) (4 6 0 + 9 0 ) R 760 m m H g
V o lu m e in : V = o
m in lb -m o le s 492 R 754 m m H g
4 3
 5 .0 4  1 0 ft / m in
6.11
0 .0 2 0 8
  0 .0 2 1 2 m o l H 2 O m o l d ry a ir
1  0 .0 2 0 8
0 .6 7 0 m o l d ry a ir 0 .0 2 1 2 m o l H 2 O
E v a p o ra tio n R a te :  0 .0 1 4 2 m o l H 2 O m in
m in m o l d ry a ir
3 3
 7 .0 6 9  1 0 ft 7 .4 8 1 g a l
6.12 (a) D a ily ra te o f o c ta n e u s e =  30
2
 (1 8  8 ) 
3
 5 .2 8 8  1 0
4
gal / day
4 day ft
4 3
5 .2 8 8  1 0 gal 1 ft 0 .7 0 3  6 2 .4 3 lb m

3
(SG ) C  0 .7 0 3 day 7 .4 8 1 g a l ft
8 H 18
5
 3 .1 0  1 0 lb m
C8H 18
/ day

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.12 cont’d)
0 .7 0 3  6 2 .4 3 lb m 3 2 .1 7 4 ft 1 lb f (1 8 - 8 ) ft 2 9 .9 2 1 in H g
(b) p  3 2 lb m  ft 2  6 .2 1 in H g
ft s 3 2 .1 7 4 1 4 .6 9 6 lb f / in
2
s
* o
2 0 .7 4 m m H g 1 4 .6 9 6 p s i 2
(c) Table B.4: p C (90 F)   0 .4 0 lb f / in  p o c ta n e  y o c ta n e P
8 H 18
760 m m H g
Octane lost to environment = octane vapor contained in the vapor space displaced by
liquid during refilling.
4 3
5 .2 8 8  1 0 gal 1 ft 3
V o lu m e:  7 0 6 9 ft
7 .4 8 1 g a l
3
pV (1 6 .0 + 1 4 .7 ) p s i 7 0 6 9 ft
T o ta l m o le s: n    3 6 .7 7 lb - m o le s
3 o o
RT 1 0 .7 3 ft  p s i / (lb - m o le  R) (9 0 + 4 6 0 ) R
pC 0 .4 0 p s i
8 H 18
M o le fra c tio n o f C 8 H 18
: y =   0 .0 1 3 0 lb - m o le C 8 H 18
/ lb - m o le
P (1 6 .0 + 1 4 .7 ) p s i
O c ta n e lo s t  0 .0 1 3 0 ( 3 6 .7 7 ) lb - m o le  0 .4 7 9 lb - m o le (  5 5 lb m  2 5 k g )
(d) A mixture of octane and air could ignite.
6.13 Let H=n-hexane

(a)
1.50 kmol H(l)/min

* o
50% relative saturation at inlet: y o P  0 .5 0 0 p H ( 8 0 C )
( 0 .5 0 0 )( 1 0 6 8 m m H g )
yo  = 0 .7 0 3 k m o lH / k m o l
760 m m H g
* *
Saturation at outlet: 0 .0 5 P  p H ( T 1 )  p H ( T 1 )  0 .0 5 ( 7 6 0 m m H g ) = 3 8 m m H g

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
1 1 7 5 .8 1 7 o
Antoine equation: lo g 1 0 3 8  6 .8 8 5 5 5   T1   3 .2 6 C
T1  2 2 4 .8 6 7
(6.13 a cont’d)
3
(0 .9 5 )0 .6 8 2 k m o l 2 2 .4 m ( S T P )
N2 volume: V N   1 4 .5 S C M M
2
m in km ol
(b) Assume no condensation occurs during the compression
50% relative saturation at condenser inlet:
3
V1 n 1 R T1 / P n 1 ( T1  2 7 3 .2 ) 0 .6 8 2 k m o l/m in 321 K m out
Volume ratio:      0 .2 2 3
V0 n 0 R T0 / P n 0 ( T 0  2 7 3 .2 ) 2 .1 8 k m o l/m in 460 K m in
(c) The cost of cooling to  3.2 4 o C (installed cost of condenser + utilities and other
operating costs) vs. the cost of compressing to 10 atm and cooling at 10 atm.
6.14 (a) Maximum mole fraction of nonane achieved if all the liquid evaporates and none
escapes.
o
Assume T  2 5 C , P = 1 a tm
4
2  10 L 273 K 1 km ol
n gas   0 .8 1 8 k m o l
3
298 K 2 2 .4  1 0 L (S T P )

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
n m ax 0 .0 8 4 k m o l C 9 H 20
y m ax    0 .1 0 k m o l C 9 H 20
/ k m o l (1 0 m o le % )
n gas 0 .8 1 8 k m o l
(6.14 a cont’d)
As the nonane evaporates, the mole fraction will pass through the explosive range (0.8%
to 2.9%). The answer is therefore y e s .
The nonane will not spread uniformly—it will be high near the sump as long as liquid is
present (and low far from the sump). There will always be a region where the mixture is
explosive at some time during the evaporation.
* A o *
(b) ln p    B T1  2 5 .8 C = 2 9 9 K , p 1  5 .0 0 m m H g
T
o *
T 2  6 6 .0 C = 3 3 9 K , p 2  4 0 .0 m m H g
ln ( 4 0 .0 / 5 .0 0 ) 5269 * 5269
A   A  5 2 6 9 , B = ln ( 5 .0 0 ) +  1 9 .2 3  p  e x p ( 1 9 .2 3  )
1 1 299 T (K )

339 299
(c) The purpose of purge is to evaporate and carry out the liquid nonane. Using steam
rather than air is to make sure an explosive mixture of nonane and oxygen is never
present in the tank. Before anyone goes into the tank, a sample of the contents should
be drawn and analyzed for nonane.
6.15 Basis: 24 hours of breathing
n 0 (mol H O)
2
23°C, 1 atm 37°C, 1 atm

n 1 (mol) @ h r = 10% n 2 (mol), sat urat ed
Lungs
0.79 mol N /mol
2 0.75 mol N /mol
2
y 1 (mol H O/mol)
2 y 2 (mol H O/mol)
2
+ O 2 , CO 2 + O 2 , CO 2
O2 CO 2

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.15 cont’d)
Although the problem does not call for it, we could also calculate that n2 = 375 mol
exhaled/day, y2 = 0.0619, and the rate of weight loss by breathing at 23oC and 50%
relative humidity is n0 (18) = (n2y2 - n1y1)18 = 329 g/day.
6.16 (a) B a s is: n 0 m o l fe e d g a s . S  so lv en t , G  s o lv e n t - fre e g a s
n1 (mol) @ Tf (C), P4 (mm Hg)

y1 [mol S(v)/mol] (sat’d)
n0 (mol) @ T0 (C), P0 (mm Hg) (1–y1) (mol G/mol)
y0 (mol S/mol)
(1-y0) (mol G/mol) n2 (mol S (l))
Td0 (C) (dew point)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.16 a cont’d)
C o n d e n s a tio n o f e th y lb e n z e n e f r o m n itr o g e n
A n to in e c o n s ta n ts f o r e th y lb e n z e n e
A= 6 .9 5 6 5
B= 1 4 2 3 .5
C= 2 1 3 .0 9
R un T0 P0 Td0 f Tf p * (T d 0 ) p *(T f) Pf C re fr C com p C to t
1 50 765 40 0 .9 5 45 2 1 .4 7 2 2 7 .6 0 19139 2675 107027 109702

2 50 765 40 0 .9 5 40 2 1 .4 7 2 2 1 .4 7 14892 4700 83329 88029
3 50 765 40 0 .9 5 35 2 1 .4 7 2 1 6 .5 4 11471 8075 64239 72314
4 50 765 40 0 .9 5 20 2 1 .4 7 2 7 .0 7 4902 26300 27582 53882
(b)
(c) When Tf decreases, Pf decreases. Decreasing temperature and increasing pressure both
to increase the fractional condensation. When you decrease Tf, less compression is
required to achieve a specified fractional condensation.
(d) A lower Tf requires more refrigeration and therefore a greater refrigeration cost (Crefr).
However, since less compression is required at the lower temperature, Ccomp is lower at
the lower temperature. Similarly, running at a higher Tf lowers the refrigeration cost but
raises the compression cost. The sum of the two costs is a minimum at an intermediate
temperature.
6.17 (a) B a s is : 1 2 0 m
3 o
m in fe e d @ 1 0 0 0 C (1 2 7 3 K ), 3 5 a tm . Use Kay’s rule.
C m pd. Tc K  Pc  a tm   T c  c o r r .  Pc  c o r r  A p p ly N e w to n 's c o rre c tio n s fo r H 2 

H 2
3 3 .2 1 2 .8 4 1 .3 2 0 .8
CO 1 3 3 .0 3 4 .5  
CO 2 3 0 4 .2 7 2 .9  
CH 4 1 9 0 .7 4 5 .8  

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.17 a cont’d)
Feed gas to heater
T r  1 2 7 3 K 1 3 3 .4 K  9 .5 4 
 F ig . 5 .3 -2  z  1 .0 2
Pr  3 5 .0 a tm 3 7 .3 a tm  0 .9 4 
1 .0 2 8 .3 1 4 N  m 1273 K 1 a tm
Vˆ 
3 3
2
 3 .0 4  1 0 m m ol
m ol  K 3 5 a tm 101325 N m
3
120 m m ol 1 km ol
 n g a s fe e d  3 3 3
 3 9 .5 k m o l m in
m in 3 .0 4  1 0 m 10 m ol
Feed gas to absorber

F ig . 5 .4 -1
T r  2 8 3 K /1 3 3 .4 K = 2 .1 2 , Pr  3 5 .0 a tm /3 7 .3 a tm = 0 .9 4    
 z  0 .9 8
3
znR T 0 .9 8 3 9 .5 k m o l 8 .3 1 4 N  m 283 K 1 a tm 10 m ol m
3
V   2
 2 5 .7
P m in m ol  K 3 5 .0 a tm 1 0 1 3 2 5 N /m 1 km ol m in
1.2(39.5) kmol/min MeOH(l) n1 (kmol/min), 261 K, 35atm
yNaOH sat’d
39.5 kmol/min, 283K, 35 yH2

0.40 mol H2/mol yCH4 (2% of feed)
0.35 mol CO/mol yCO
0.20 mol CO2/mol
0.05 mol CH4/mol n2 (kmol/min), liquid
yMeOH
yCO2
yCH4 (98% of feed

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
n M eO H n M eO H
y M eO H  
n M eO H + n H 2  nCH
4
 nCO n M e O H  3 9 .5  0 .4 0  0 .0 2  0 .0 5   0 .3 5 
   
 in p u t  0 .0 2 o f in p u t  in p u t
n M e O H  0 .0 1 4 8 k m o l m in M e O H in g a s
(6.17 cont’d)
(b) The gas may be used as a fuel. CO2 has no fuel value, so that the cost of the added
energy required to pump it would be wasted.
6.18
1
Dry pulp balance: 1500   m 1 ( 1  0 .0 0 1 5 )  m 1  8 5 8 k g / m in
1  0 .7 5
50% rel. sat’n at inlet: y 1 P  0 .5 0 p H

*
2O
o
( 2 8 C )  y 1  0 .5 0 ( 2 8 .3 4 9 m m H g )/( 7 6 0 m m H g )
= 0 .0 1 8 7 m o l H 2 O /m o l
40oC dew point at outlet: y2 P  pH

*
2O
o
( 4 0 C )  y 2  ( 5 5 .3 2 4 m m H g ) / ( 7 7 0 m m H g )
= 0 .0 7 1 8 m o l H 2 O / m o l
Mass balance on dry air: n 0 ( 1  0 .0187 )  n 1 (1  0 .0718 ) ( 1)
Mass balance on water:
n 0 ( 0 .0 1 8 7 )( 1 8 .0 k g / k m o l )  1 5 0 0 ( 0 .7 5 / 1.7 5 )  n 1 ( 0 .0 7 1 8 )( 1 8 )  8 5 8 ( 0 .0 0 1 5 ) ( 2 )
Solve (1) and (2)  n 0  6 2 2 .8 k m o l / m in , n 1  6 5 8 .4 k m o l / m in
Mass of water removed from pulp: 1500(0.75/1.75)–858(.0015)]kg H2O = 6 4 2 k g / m in
3
6 2 2 .8 k m o l 2 2 .4 m ( S T P ) (2 7 3 + 2 8 ) K
V0 
4 3
Air feed rate:  1 .5 3 8  1 0 m / m in
m in km ol 273 K
6.19 B a s is: 5 0 0 lb m h r d rie d le a th e r (L)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
o
n 1 ( lb - m o le s / h )@ 1 3 0 F , 1 a tm
o
n 0 ( lb - m o le s d ry a ir / h )@ 1 4 0 F , 1 a tm y 1 ( lb - m o le s H 2 O / lb - m o le )
(1 - y 1 )( lb - m o le s d ry a ir / lb - m o le )
m 0 ( lb m / h ) 5 0 0 lb m / h
0 .6 1 lb m H 2 O (l) / lb m 0 .0 6 lb m H 2 O (l) / lb m
0 .3 9 lb m L / lb m 0 .9 4 lb m L / lb
(6.19 cont’d)
= 478.4 lb – moles/hr

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.20 (b)
300 lbm/h wet product m 1 (lbm/h)
0 .2
 0 .1 6 7 lb m T (l) / lb m 0 .0 2 / ( 1.0 2 )  0 .0 1 9 6 lb m T (l) / lb m
1  0 .2
Dryer 0 .9 8 0 4 lb m D / lb m
0 .8 3 3 lb m D / lb m
n 1 (lb-mole/h) n 3 (lb-mole/h) @ 200OF,
y1 (lb-mole T(v)/lb-mole) y3 (lb-mole T/lb-mole)
(1–y1) (lb-mole N2/lb-mole) (1-y3)( lb-mole N2/lb-mole)
70% r.s.,150oF, 1.2 atm T=toluene heater

D=dry solids

3n
(lb-mole/h)
condenser y3 (lb-mole T(v)/lb-mole) Eq.@ 90OF,

(1-y3) (lb-mole N2/lb-mole) 1atm
n 2 ( lb-mole T(l)/h )T(l)
Strategy: Overall balance m 1 & n 2 ;
Relative saturationy1, Gas and liquid equilibriumy3
Balance over the condenser n 1 & n 3
70% relative saturation of dryer outlet gas:

1 3 4 6 .7 7 3
( 6 .9 5 8 0 5  )
* O O 6 5 .5 6  2 1 9 .6 9 3
pC H (1 5 0 F = 6 5 .5 6 C )= 1 0  1 7 2 .4 7 m m H g
7 8
*
0 .7 0 p C ( 0 .7 0 )( 1 7 2 .4 7 )
 y1
* O H8
y 1 P  0 .7 0 p C H8
(1 5 0 F) 
7
  0 .1 3 2 4 lb - m o le T (v ) / lb - m o le
1. 2  7 6 0
7
P
Saturation at condenser outlet:

1 3 4 6 .7 7 3
(6 .9 5 8 0 5  )
* o o 3 2 .2 2  2 1 9 .6 9 3
p C H
(9 0 F = 3 2 .2 2 C )= 1 0  4 0 .9 0 m m H g
7 8
*
p C7 H 4 0 .9 0
y3    0 .0 5 3 8 m o l T (v )/m o l
8
P 760

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
5 .0 9 7 lb - m o le lb - m o le
C ir c u la tio n r a te o f d r y n itr o g e n = 5 .8 7 5  ( 1 - 0 .1 3 2 4 ) =
h 2 8 .0 2 lb m
 0 .1 8 2 lb m
/ h
6.21 Basis: 1 mol outlet gas/min

n 0 ( m o l / m in )
y0 (m ol C H 4
/ m o l)
(1  y 0 ( m o l C 2 H 6
/ m o l) 1 m o l / m in @ 5 7 3 K , 1 0 5 k P a
y 1 (m o l C O 2
/ m o l)
n 1 (m o l O 2
/ m in ) y 2 (m o l H 2 O / m o l)
3 .7 6 n 1 (m o l N 2
/ m in ) (1  y 1  y 2 ) m o l N 2
/ m ol
7
CH 4
 2O 2
 CO 2
 2H 2 O C2H 6
 O 2
 2C O 2
 3H 2 O
2
80 m m H g 101325 Pa
p CO
2
 80 m m H g  y1   0 .1 0 1 6 m o l C O 2
/ m ol
105000 Pa 760 m m H g

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.22 B a s is: 1 0 0 m o l N H 3
P reh eat ed
a ir N2
O2
100 m ol N H 3
co n v ert er ab s o rb er
7 8 0 k P a s a t 'd n 3 (m o l N O ) 55 w t% H N O 3
(a q )
n 4 (m o l N 2) n 8 (m o l H N O 3 )
n 1 ( m o l) O 2
n 5 (m o l O 2 ) n 9 ( m o l H 2O )
3 .7 6 n 1 ( m o l) N 2
n 6 ( m o l H 2O )
n 2 ( m o l) H 2 O n 7 (m o l H 2O )
1 at m , 3 0 ° C
h r = 0 .5
(a)
A ir fe e d : N H 3
 2O 2
 HNO 3
 H 2O
100 m ol N H 3
2 m ol O 2
n1   200 m ol O 2
m ol N H 3
Vair =
Balances on converter

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
97 m ol N H 3
4 m ol N O
N O: n3   97 m ol N O
4 m ol N H 3
9 7 m o l N O re a c t 4 m ol H N O 3
HNO 3
b a l. in a b s o rb e r: n 8   97 m ol H N O 3
4 m ol N O
97 m ol H N O 3
6 3 .0 2 g H N O 3
45 g H 2 O 1 m ol H 2 O
H 2 O in p ro d u c t: n 9 
m ol 55 g H N O 3
1 8 .0 2 g H 2 O
 2 7 7 .5 6 m o l H 2 O
97 m ol H N O 3
6 3 .0 2 g H N O 3
2 7 7 .6 m o l H 2 O 1 8 .0 2 g H N O 3
M in o ld b a s is  
(b) a c id
m ol m ol
 1 1 1 1 5 g  1 1.1 1 5 k g

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.23 (a)
6.24 (a) – SO2 is hazardous and should not be released directly into the atmosphere, especially if
the analyzer is inside.
– From Henry’s law, the partial pressure of SO2 increases with the mole fraction of SO2 in
the liquid, which increases with time. If the water were never replaced, the gas leaving
the bubbler would contain 1000 ppm SO2 (nothing would be absorbed), and the mole
fraction of SO2 in the liquid would have the value corresponding to 1000 ppm SO2 in the
gas phase.
(b)
pSO
2
(torr) 0 42 85 129 176
xS O
2
(mol SO2/mol) 0 1.4x10–3 2.8x10–3 4.2x10–3 5.6x10–3
From this relation and the given data,
A plot of pSO
2
vs. xSO
2
is a straight line. Fitting the line using the method of least
squares (Appendix A.1) yields

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(c)
100 m ol SO 4
 ySO   1 .0 0  1 0
2
100 ppm SO 2 6
m ol SO 2
/m o l g a s
2
10 m o ls g a s
 pSO
2
 ySO P 
2
1 .0  1 0 4
 760 mm Hg   0 .0 7 6 0 m m H g
pSO 0 .0 7 6 0 m m H g
H e n ry ' s la w  x S O  
2
4
3 .1 3 6  1 0
2
H SO m m H g m o le fra c t io n
2
6
 2 .4 0  1 0 m ol SO 2 m ol
Since xSO is so low, we may assume for simplicity that V fin a l  V in itia l  1 4 0 L
2
3 6
7 .7 8  1 0 m o l s o lu tio n 2 .4 0  1 0 m ol SO 2
 nSO   0 .0 1 8 7 m o l S O 2 d is s o lv e d
2
1 m o l s o lu tio n
0 .0 1 8 7 m o l S O 2 d is s o lv e d 4
 1.3 4  1 0 m ol SO 2 L
140 L
Gas-phase composition
* o
m ol SO xH pH (3 0 C ) (1) ( 3 1 .8 2 4 to r r ) m o l H 2 O (v )
4 O O 2
 1 .0  1 0
2
   4 .1 9  1 0
2 2
ySO yH O
2 2
m ol P 7 6 0 to r r m ol
y a ir  1  y S O  yH O
 0 .9 5 8 m o l d r y a ir /m o l
2 2
(d) Agitate/recirculate the scrubbing solution, change it more frequently. Add a base to the
solution to react with the absorbed SO2.
* * *
6.25 (a) F ro m th e C o x c h a rt, a t 7 7  F , p P  1 4 0 p s ig , p n B  3 5 p s ig , p iB  5 1 p s ig
* * *
T o ta l p r e s s u r e P = x p  p p + x n B  p n B + x iB  p iB
 0 .5 0 (1 4 0 )  0 .3 0 ( 3 5 )  0 .2 0 ( 5 1)  9 1 p s ia  7 6 p s ig
P  2 0 0 p s ig , s o th e c o n ta in e r is te c h n ic a lly s a fe .
* * *
(b) F ro m th e C o x c h a rt, a t 1 4 0  F , p P  3 0 0 p s ig , p n B  9 0 p s ig , p iB  1 2 0 p s ig
T o ta l p re s s u re P = 0 .5 0 ( 3 0 0 )  0 .3 0 ( 9 0 )  0 .2 0 ( 1 2 0 )  2 0 0 p s ig
The temperature in a room will never reach 140oF unless a fire breaks out, so the
container is adequate.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.26 (a)
*
xi pi (T )
y i ( i  1,2 ,  , N ) 
P
(b) Calculation of Bubble Points

A B C
Benzene 6.89272 1213.531 219.888
Ethylbenzene 6.95650 1423.543 213.091
Toluene 6.95805 1346.773 219.693
P(mmHg)= 760
xB xEB xT Tbp(oC) pB pEB pT f(T)

0.226 0.443 0.331 108.09 378.0 148.2 233.9 -0.086
0.443 0.226 0.331 96.47 543.1 51.6 165.2 0.11
0.226 0.226 0.548 104.48 344.0 67.3 348.6 0.07
Mixture 1 contains more ethylbenzene (higher boiling point) and less benzene (lower bp)
than Mixture 2, and so (Tbp)1 > (Tbp)2. Mixture 3 contains more toluene (lower bp) and
less ethylbenzene (higher bp) than Mixture 1, and so (Tbp)3 < (Tbp)1. Mixture 3 contains
more toluene (higher bp) and less benzene (lower bp) than Mixture 2, and so (Tbp)3 >
(Tbp)2
6.27 Basis: 100 mol/s gas feed. H=hexane.
n l ( m o l/s ) n v ( m o l/s )
x i 1
+ ( m o l H /m o l) y i ( m o l H /m o l)
2 0 0 m o l o il/s n F ( m o l/s )
y F ( m o l H /m o l)
S t a ge i
1 – y F ( m o l N 2/m o l)
n l ( m o l/s ) n v ( m o l/s )
1 0 0 m o l/s n 2 ( m o l/s ) x i ( m o l H /m o l) y i– 1 ( m o l H /m o l)
0 .0 5 m o l H /m o l x 2 ( m o l H /m o l)
9 9 .5 % o f H in f e e d .
0 .9 5 m o l N /m
2
ol 1 – x 2
( m o l O il/m o l)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(a)
(b)
st
H b a la n c e o n 1 S ta g e : y 0 n v  x 2 n l  y 1 n v  x 1 n l  x 2  0 .0 0 6 4 3 m o l H (l) m o l
(c) The given formulas follow from Raoult’s law and a hexane balance on Stage i.
(d)
Hexane Absorption
P= 760 PR= 1
y0= 0.05 x1= 0.0243 ye= 2.63E-04
nGf= 95.025 nL1= 204.98 nG= 97.52 nL= 202.48
A= 6.88555 B= 1175.817 C= 224.867
T p*(T) T p*(T) T p*(T)

30 187.1 50 405.3059 70 790.5546
i x(i) y(i) i x(i) y(i) i x(i) y(i)

0 5.00E-02 0 5.00E-02 0 5.00E-02
1 2.43E-02 5.98E-03 1 2.43E-02 1.30E-02 1 2.43E-02 2.53E-02
2 3.10E-03 7.63E-04 2 6.46E-03 3.45E-03 2 1.24E-02 1.29E-02
3 5.86E-04 1.44E-04 3 1.88E-03 1.00E-03 3 6.43E-03 6.69E-03
4 7.01E-04 3.74E-04 4 3.44E-03 3.58E-03
5 3.99E-04 2.13E-04 5 1.94E-03 2.02E-03
... ... ...
21 4.38E-04 4.56E-04

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(e) If the column is long enough, the liquid flowing down eventually approaches equilibrium
with the entering gas. At 70oC, the mole fraction of hexane in the exiting liquid in
equilibrium with the mole fraction in the entering gas is 4.56x10–4 mol H/mol, which is
insufficient to bring the total hexane absorption to the desired level. To reach that level
at 70oC, either the liquid feed rate must be increased or the pressure must be raised to a
value for which the final mole fraction of hexane in the vapor is 2.63x10–4 or less. The
solution is Pm in  1 0 3 7 m m H g .
6.28 (a) M = methanol
n V ( m o l)
n f
( m o l) y ( m o l M ( v ) m o l)
x F
( m o l M ( l) /m o l) n L ( m o l)
x ( m o l M ( l) /m o l)
0 .4  0 .2 3
x F  0 .4 , x  0 .2 3 , y  0 . 6 2  f   0 .4 3 6
0 .6 2  0 .2 3
o o
(b) T m in  7 5 C , f  0 , T m ax  8 7 C , f  1
6.29 (a)
Txy diagram
(P=1 atm)
80
75
70 Vapor
T(oC)
65
60 liquid
55
50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mole fraction of Acetone

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b) x A  0 .4 7 ; y A  0 .6 6
(c) (i) x A  0 .3 4 ; y A  0 .5 5
( ii) M o le b a l.: 1  nV  n L 

  n V  0 .7 6 2 m o l v a p o r , n L  0 .2 3 8 m o l liq u id
A b a l.: 0 .5 0  0 .5 5 n V  0 .3 4 n L 

 7 6 .2 m o le % v a p o r
(iii)  A ( l )  0 .7 9 1 g /c m ,  E (l)  0 .7 8 9 g /c m
3 3
  l  0 .7 9 0 g /c m
3
(To be more precise, we could convert the given mole fractions to mass fractions and
calculate the weighted average density of the mixture, but since the pure component
densities are almost identical there is little point in doing all that.)
M A
 5 8 .0 8 g /m o l, M E
 4 6 .0 7 g /m o l
 M l
  0 .3 4   5 8 .0 8    1  0 .3 4   4 6 .0 7   5 0 .1 5 g /m o l
B a s is: 1 m o l liq u id  (0 .7 6 2 m o l v a p o r/0 .2 3 8 m o l liq u id ) = 3 .2 m o l v a p o r

(1 m o l)( 5 0 .1 5 g /m o l) 3
L iq u id v o lu m e : Vl  3
 6 3 .4 8 c m
( 0 .7 9 0 g /c m )
3
3 .2 m o l 22400 cm (S T P ) (6 5 + 2 7 3 )K 3
V a p o r v o lu m e : V v =  8 8, 7 4 7 cm
m ol 273K
8 8, 7 4 7
V o lu m e p e rc e n t o f v a p o r   1 0 0 %  9 9 .9 v o lu m e % v a p o r
8 8 7 4 7  6 3 .4 8
(d) For a basis of 1 mol fed, guess

T, calculate nV as above; if nV  0.20, pick new T.
T xA yA fV
65 C 0.34 0.55 0.333
64.5 C 0.36 0.56 0.200
* * *
(e) R a o u lt' s la w : y i P = x i p i  P  x A p A  x E p E
7 .1 1 7 1 4  1 2 1 0 .5 9 5 /( T b p  2 2 9 .6 6 4 ) 8 .1 1 2 2 0  1 5 9 2 .8 6 4 /( T b p  2 2 6 .1 8 4 ) o
7 6 0  0 .5  1 0  0 .5  1 0  T b p  6 6 .1 6 C
* 7 .1 1 7 1 4  1 2 1 0 .5 9 5 /( 6 6 .2 5  2 2 9 .6 6 4 )
xp A 0 .5  1 0
y    0 .6 9 6 m o l a c e to n e /m o l
P 760

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
o
 Tb p 6 6 .2 5  6 1 .8
T h e a c tu a l T b p  6 1 .8 C    1 0 0 %  7 .2 0 % e rro r in T b p
T b p (re a l) 6 1 .8
yA 0 .6 9 6  0 .6 7 4
y A  0 .6 7 4    1 0 0 %  3 .2 6 % e rro r in y A
y A (re a l) 0 .6 7 4
Acetone and ethanol are not structurally similar compounds (as are, for example,
pentane and hexane or benzene and toluene). There is consequently no reason to
expect Raoult’s law to be valid for acetone mole fractions that are not very close to 1.
6.30 (a) B = benzene, C = chloroform. At 1 atm, (Tbp)B = 80.1oC, (Tbp)C = 61.0oC
The Txy diagram should look like Fig. 6.4-1, with the curves converging at 80.1oC when
xC = 0 and at 61.0oC when xC = 1. (See solution to part c.)
(b)
Txy Diagram for an Ideal Binary Solution

A B C
Chloroform 6.90328 1163.03 227.4
Benzene 6.89272 1203.531 219.888
P(mmHg)= 760
x T y p1 p2 p1+p2
0 80.10 0 0 760 760
0.05 78.92 0.084 63.90 696.13 760.03
0.1 77.77 0.163 123.65 636.28 759.93
0.15 76.66 0.236 179.63 580.34 759.97
0.2 75.58 0.305 232.10 527.86 759.96
0.25 74.53 0.370 281.34 478.59 759.93
0.3 73.51 0.431 327.61 432.30 759.91
0.35 72.52 0.488 371.15 388.79 759.94
0.4 71.56 0.542 412.18 347.85 760.03
0.45 70.62 0.593 450.78 309.20 759.99
0.5 69.71 0.641 487.27 272.79 760.07
0.55 68.82 0.686 521.68 238.38 760.06
0.6 67.95 0.729 554.15 205.83 759.98
0.65 67.11 0.770 585.00 175.10 760.10
0.7 66.28 0.808 614.02 145.94 759.96
0.75 65.48 0.844 641.70 118.36 760.06
0.8 64.69 0.879 667.76 92.17 759.93
0.85 63.93 0.911 692.72 67.35 760.07
0.9 63.18 0.942 716.27 43.75 760.03
0.95 62.45 0.972 738.72 21.33 760.05
1 61.73 1 760 0 760

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Txy diagram
(P=1 atm)
85
80
75 Vapor
T(oC)
70
Liquid
65
60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mole fraction of chloroform
(d)
Txy diagram
(P=1 atm)
85
80
yc xc
75
T(oC)
70
65 x y
60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mole fraction of choloroform

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.30 d cont’d)
T 7 1  7 5 .3
  1 0 0 %   5 .7 % e rro r in T b p
T a c tu a l 7 5 .3
Raoult’s law: o
T b p = 7 1 C , y = 0 .5 8 
y 0 .5 8  0 .6 0
  1 0 0 %   3 .3 3 % e rro r in y
y a c tu a l 0 .6 0
Benzene and chloroform are not structurally similar compounds (as are, for example,
pentane and hexane or benzene and toluene). There is consequently no reason to
expect Raoult’s law to be valid for chloroform mole fractions that are not very close to
1.
6.31
7 .8 7 8 6 3  1 4 7 3 .1 1 /( T b p  2 3 0 ) 7 .7 4 4 1 6  1 4 3 7 .6 8 6 /( T b p  1 9 8 .4 6 3 ) E -Z S o lv e o
7 6 0  0 .4 0  1 0  0 .6 0  1 0 
 T  7 9 .9 C
We assume (1) the validity of Antoine’s equation and Raoult’s law, (ii) that pressure
head and surface tension effects on the boiling point are negligible.
The liquid temperature will rise until it reaches 79.9 C, where boiling will commence.
The escaping vapor will be richer in methanol and thus the liquid composition will
become richer in propanol. The increasing fraction of the less volatile component in the
residual liquid will cause the boiling temperature to rise.
6.32 Basis: 1000 kg/h product
nH4 ( m o l H 2 /h )
Scru b b ed
H y d ro carb o n s
E = C2 H 5 O H ( M = 4 6 .0 5 ) s cru b b er
nA4 ( m o l A /h )
A = CH 3CH O ( M = 4 4 .0 5 )
n3 ( m o l/h ) nE4 ( m o l E /h )
P = 760 m m H g yA3 ( m o l A /m o l) , s a t 'd
y E3 ( m o l E /m o l) , s a t 'd
F res h feed yH3 ( m o l H 2 /h ) P ro d u ct
n 0 ( m o l E /h ) v ap o r, – 4 0 ° C 1 0 0 0 k g/h
n p ( m o l/h )
react o r co n d en s er s t ill
nA1 ( m o l A /h ) nA2 ( m o l A /h ) nC ( m o l/h ) 0 .9 7 A
nE1 ( m o l E /h ) nE2 ( m o l E /h ) 0 .5 5 0 A 0 .0 3 E
280°C nH2 ( m o l H 2/h ) 0 .4 5 0 E
liq u id , – 4 0 ° C
n r ( m o l/h )
0 .0 5 A
0 .9 5 E

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.32 cont’d)
(a) Molar flow rate of product
1000 kg 1 km ol
n p   2 2 .6 7 k m o l h
h 4 4 .1 1 k g
Table B.4 (Antoine)  p A   4 0  C   4 4 .8 m m H g

*
p E   4 0  C   0 .3 6 0 m m H g
*
Note: We are using the Antoine equation at a temperature below the ranges of validity
in Table B.4, so that all calculated values must be considered rough estimates.
0 .5 5 0 p A   4 0  C 
*
0 .5 5 0 ( 4 4 .8 )
Raoult’s law  y A3    0 .0 3 2 4 2 k m o l A /k m o l
P 760
0 .4 5 0 p E   4 0  C 
*
0 .4 5 0 ( 0 .3 6 0 ) 4
y E3    2 .1 3  1 0 km ol E km ol
P 760
y H 3  1  y A 3  y E 3  0 .9 6 7 4 k m o l H 2
km ol
A balance about scrubber: n A 4  n 3 y A 3  0 .0 2 8 1 5 n 3

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.32 a cont’d)
4
E balance about scrubber: n E 4  n 3 y E 3  2 .0 3  1 0 n 3
H 2
b a la n c e a b o u t s c ru b b e r: n H 4  n 3 y H 3  0 .9 7 1 6 n 3
Overall C balance:
Solve (1)–(5) simultaneously (E-Z Solve):
n 0  2 3 .4 k m o l E /h (fre s h fe e d ), n H 4  2 2 .8 k m o l H 2 / h (in o ff-g a s )
n 3 = 2 3 .5 k m o l/h , n A 4 = 0 .7 6 k m o l A /h , n E 4 = 0 .0 0 5 0 k m o l E /h
A balance about feed mixing point: n A 1  0 .0 5 n r  1.4 7 k m o l A h
E balance about feed mixing point: n E 1  n 0  0 .9 5 n r  5 1 .5 k m o l E h
E balance about condenser: n E 2  n 3 y E 3  0 .4 5 0 n c  2 3 .5 k m o l E h
Id e a l g a s e q u a tio n o f s ta te :
 1 .4 7  5 1 .5  k m o l 2 2 .4 m ST P   273+280  K
3
3 3
V re a c to r fe e d   2 .4 0  1 0 m h
h 1 km ol 273K
n 0  0 .0 3 n p 2 3 .4   0 .0 3   2 2 .6 7 
(b) Overall conversion   100%   100%  97%
n0 2 3 .4
nE1  nE2 5 1 .5  2 3 .5
Single-pass conversion   100%   100%  54%
nE1 5 1 .5
Feed rate of A to scrubber: n A 4 = 0 .7 6 k m o l A /h
Feed rate of E to scrubber: n E 4  0 .0 0 5 0 k m o l E h

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.33 Basis: Given feed rates
G1 G2 G3 G4
1 0 0 m o l/h n 1 ( m o l/h ) 2 0 0 m o l a ir /h 2 0 0 m o l a ir /h
0 .9 6 H 2 0 .9 9 9 H 2 n 2 m o l H 2S /m o l
0 .0 4 H 2 S , s a t 'd 0 .0 0 1 H 2 S 0 .4 0 ° C , 1 a t m
1 .8 a t m
ab s o rb er s t r ip p e r
L2 0°C L1 40°C
n 3 ( m o l/h ) n 4 ( m o l/h ) n 3 ( m o l/h )
x 3 ( m o l H 2 S /m o l) 0 .0 0 2 H 2 S x 3 ( m o l H 2S /m o l)
( 1 – x 3) ( m o l s o lv e n t /m o l) 0 .9 9 8 s o lv e n t ( 1 – x 3 ) ( m o l s o lv e n t /m o l)
0°C 40°C
h eat er
Equilibrium condition: At G1,
pH 0 .0 7 2 a tm
2S 3
 x3    2 .6 7  1 0 m o le H 2 S m o le
H H 2S
2 7 a tm m o l fra c tio n
Strategy: Overall H 2
and H 2S balances  n 1 , n 2
n 2  air flow rate  volumetric flow rate at G4

H 2 S and solvent balances around absorber  n 3 , n 4
0 .9 9 8 n 4  solvent flow rate
Volumetric flow rate at stripper outlet
H 2S and solvent balances around absorber:
Solvent flow rate  0 .9 9 8 n 4  5 8 2 0 m o l s o lv e n t h

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.34 Basis: 875 kg/h feed solution

m 1 ( k g H 2 O (v ) /h )
8 7 5 k g/h S a t 'd s o lu t io n 1 0 ° C
x 0
( k g K O H /k g) m 2 ( k g H 2 O ( 1 ) /h )
( 1 – x0) ( k g H 2O /k g) 1 .0 3 m 2 ( k g K O H /h )
m 3 ( k g K O H - 2 H 2O ( s ) /h )
6 0 % o f K O H in f e e d
Analysis of feed: 2K O H  H 2SO 4
 K 2SO 4
 2H 2 O
60% recovery: 8 7 5  0 .4 2 7   0 .6 0   2 2 4 .2 kg K O H h
2 2 4 .2 k g K O H 9 2 .1 5 k g K O H  2 H 2 O
m3   3 6 8 .2 k g K O H  2 H 2 O h  1 4 3 .8 kg H 2O h 
h 5 6 .1 1 k g K O H
KOH balance: 0 .4 2 7  8 7 5   2 2 4 .2  1 .0 3 m 2  m 2  1 4 5 .1 k g h
Total mass balance: 8 7 5  3 6 8 .2  2 .0 3  1 4 5 .1   m 1  m 1  2 1 2 k g H 2 O h e v a p o ra te d
6.35 (a) Table 6.5-1 shows that at 50oF (10.0oF), the salt that crystallizes is M gSO 4
 7H 2O , which
contains 48.8 wt% MgSO4
(b) Basis: 1000 kg crystals/h.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.36
(a) Heating the solution dissolves all MgSO4; filtering removes I, and cooling
recrystallizes MgSO4 enabling subsequent recovery.
(b) Strategy:
( M W ) M gS O  ( 2 4 .3 1  3 2 .0 6  6 4 .0 0 )  1 2 0 .3 7 , ( M W ) M gS O  ( 1 2 0 .3 7  7 * 1 8 .0 1 )  2 4 6 . 4 4
4 4 7 H 2 O
Overall MgSO4 balance:
6 0 ,0 0 0 lb m 0 .9 0 lb m M g S O 4
 7H 2 O 1 2 0 .3 7 lb m M g S O 4
h lb m 2 4 6 .4 4 lb m M g S O 4
 7H 2 O
 (3 0 0 lb m / h )(0 .3 2 lb m M g S O 4
/ lb m )  m 4 ( 1 2 0 .3 7 / 2 4 6 .4 4 )  0 .0 5 m 4 ( 0 .2 3 )
4
 m 4  5 .2 5 7 x 1 0 lb m
c ry s ta ls / h

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.36 b cont’d)
Overall mass balance:

4
 4  5 .2 5 7 x 1 0
m lb m / h
6 0 ,0 0 0  m
 1  6 3 0 0  1. 0 5 m
4  1  1 4 9 4 lb
m m
H 2
O / h
(c)
4
9 .5 7 5 x 1 0 lb m / h
Recycle/fresh feed ratio   64 lb m re c y c le / lb m fre s h fe e d
1 4 9 4 lb m / h
6.37
m 1 (g styrene)
90 g ethylbenezene
100 g EG
90 g ethylbenzene m 2 (g styrene)
30 g st yrene 100 g EG
Styrene balance: m 1  m 2  3 0 g s tyren e
m 1  2 5 .6 g s ty re n e in e th y lb e n z e n e p h a s e
m 2  4 .4 g s ty re n e in e th y le n e g ly c o l p h a s e

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6.38 (a) P--penicillin; Ac--acid solution; BA--butyl acetate; Alk--alkaline solution
(b) In Unit I, 90% transfer  m 3 P  0 .9 0 ( 1.5 )  1.3 5 k g P
P balance: 1.5  m 2 P  1.3 5  m 2 P  0 .1 5 k g P
1.3 5 / ( 1.3 5  m 1 )
pH=2.1  K  2 5 .0   m 1  3 4 .1 6 k g B A
0 .1 5 / ( 0 .1 5  9 8 .5 )
In Unit II, 90% transfer: m 5 P  0 .9 0 ( m 3 P )  1.2 1 5 k g P
P balance: m 3 P  1.2 1 5  m 6 P  m 6 P  0 .1 3 5 k g P
m 6 P / ( m 6 P  3 4 .1 6 )
pH=5.8  K  0 .1 0   m 4  2 9 .6 5 k g A lk
1. 2 1 5 / ( 1. 2 1 5  m 4 )
m1 3 4 .1 6 k g B A
  0 .3 4 1 6 k g b u ty l a c e ta te / k g a c id ifie d b ro th
100 1 0 0 k g b ro th
m4 2 9 .6 5 k g A lk
  0 .2 9 6 5 k g a lk a lin e s o lu tio n / k g a c id ifie d b ro th
100 1 0 0 k g b ro th
Mass fraction of P in the product solution:
m5P 1. 2 1 5 P
xP    0 .3 9 4 k g P / k g
m4  m5P (2 9 .6 5 + 1 .2 1 5 ) k g

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.38 cont’d)
(c) (i). The first transfer (low pH) separates most of the P from the other broth constituents,
which are not soluble in butyl acetate. The second transfer (high pH) moves the
penicillin back into an aqueous phase without the broth impurities.
(ii). Low pH favors transfer to the organic phase, and high pH favors transfer back to the
aqueous phase.
(iii).The penicillin always moves from the raffinate solvent to the extract solvent.
6.39 (a)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.39 a cont’d)
(b)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.39 b cont’d)
6.40 (a)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.40 a cont’d)
(b)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(6.40 b cont’d)
6.40 (c)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
CHAPTER SEVEN
4
0 .8 0 L 3 .5  1 0 k J 0 .3 0 k J w o rk 1 h 1 kW
7.1  2 .3 3 k W  2 .3 k W
h L 1 kJ heat 3600 s 1 kJ s
3 3
2 .3 3 k W 10 W 1 .3 4 1  1 0 hp
 3 .1 2 h p  3 .1 h p
1 kW 1 W
7.2 All kinetic energy dissipated by friction
(a)
(b)
8
3  10 b ra k in g s 7 1 5 B tu 1 day 1 h 1 W 1 MW
4 6
 2617 M W
day b ra k in g 24 h 3600 s 9 .4 8 6  1 0 B tu /s 10 W
 3000 M W
7.3 (a) Emissions:
1000 sacks ( 0 .0 5 1 0  0 .0 5 1 6 ) o z 1 lb m
P aper   6 .4 1 lb m
sack 16 oz
2000 sacks ( 0 .0 0 4 5  0 .0 1 4 6 ) o z 1 lb m
P la s tic   2 .3 9 lb m
sack 16 oz
Energy:
1000 sacks ( 7 2 4  9 0 5 ) B tu 6
P aper   1. 6 3  1 0 B tu
sack
2000 sacks ( 1 8 5  4 6 4 ) B tu 6
P la s tic   1. 3 0  1 0 B tu
sack

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.3 cont’d)
(b) For paper (double for plastic)
R a w M a te ria ls Sack 1000 sacks 400 sacks

A c q u is itio n a n d P ro d u c tio n a n d D is p o s a l
M a te ria ls P ro d u c tio n U se
fo r 4 0 0 s a c k s
Emissions:
400 sacks 0 .0 5 1 0 o z 1 lb m
1000 sacks 0 .0 5 1 6 o z 1 lb m
P aper    4 .5 lb m
sack 16 oz sack 16 oz
 3 0 % re d u c tio n
800 sacks 0 .0 0 4 5 o z 1 lb m
2000 sacks 0 .0 1 4 6 o z 1 lb m
P la s tic    2 .0 5 lb m
sack 16 oz sack 16 oz
 1 4 % re d u c tio n
Energy:
400 sacks 7 2 4 B tu 1000 sacks 9 0 5 B tu 6

P aper    1.1 9  1 0 B tu ; 2 7 % re d u c tio n
sack sack
800 sacks 1 8 5 B tu 2000 sacks 4 6 4 B tu 6

P la s tic    1. 0 8  1 0 B tu ; 1 7 % re d u c tio n
sack sack
(c)
8
3  10 p e rs o n s 1 sack 1 day 1 h 6 4 9 B tu 1 J 1 MW
-4 6
p e rs o n - d a y 24 h 3600 s 1 sack 9 .4 8 6  1 0 B tu 10 J / s
 2 ,3 7 5 M W
Savings for recycling: 0 .1 7 ( 2 , 3 7 5 M W ) = 4 0 4 M W
(d) Cost, toxicity, biodegradability, depletion of nonrenewable resources.
3
3 .0 0 g a l 1 ft (0 .7 9 2 )(6 2 .4 3 ) lb m
1 m in
7.4 (a) M a s s flo w ra te : m   0 .3 3 0 lb m s
3
m in 7 .4 8 0 5 g a l 1 ft 60 s

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.4 a cont’d)
(b) Heat losses in electrical circuits, friction in pump bearings.
7.5 (a)  E k  p o s itiv e When the pressure decreases, the volumetric flow rate increases, and
hence the velocity increases.
 E p
 n e g a tiv e The gas exits at a level below the entrance level.
Po u t V o u t nRT V out Pin u o u t (m /s )  A (m 2 ) Pin

    
Pin V in nRT V in Po u t u in (m /s )  A (m ) 2
Po u t
Pin 10 bar
 u o u t  u in  5m s  5 .5 5 5 m s
Po u t 9 bar
2 2 2
1 2 2
0 .5 ( 0 .0 2 2 5 ) k g ( 5 .5 5 5  5 .0 0 0 ) m 1 N 1 W
Ek  m ( u o u t  u in )  2 2
2 s s 1 k g  m /s 1 N  m /s
 0 .0 6 5 9 W
0 .0 2 2 5 k g 9 .8 0 6 6 m -2 0 0 m 1 N 1 W
 E p  m g ( z o u t  z in )  2
s s k g  m /s 1 N  m /s
  4 4 .1 W
7.6 4.00 L, 30 °C, 5.00 bar  V (L), T (°C), 8.00 bar
(a)
 7 .6 5 L  b a r 8 .3 1 4 J
(b) Constant T  U  0  Q  W   765 J
0 .0 8 3 1 4 L  b a r

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.6 cont’d)
(c) Adiabatic  Q  0   U   W  7 .6 5 L  b a r > 0 , T fin a l  3 0  C
7.7
(a) Downward force on piston:
F d  P a tm A  m p is to n + w e ig h t g
5 3 2
1 a tm 1 .0 1 3 2 5  1 0 N / m2 2 .8 3  1 0 m 2 4 .5 0 k g 9 .8 1 m 1 N
  2
 527 N
a tm s 1 kg  m / s2
Equilibrium condition:
3 5 2 5
F u  F d  2 .8 3  1 0 m 2  P 0  5 2 7  P 0  1.8 6  1 0 N m  1.8 6  1 0 Pa
5
nRT 1 .4 0 g N 2
1 m ol N 2
303 K 1 .0 1 3 2 5  1 0 Pa 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L  a tm
V0    0 .6 7 7 L
5
P0 2 8 .0 2 g 1 .8 6  1 0 Pa 1 a tm m ol  K
(b) For any step, U  E k  E p

 Q W  U  Q  W
E k  0
E p  0
Step 1: Q  0   U  W
Step 2: U  Q  W As the gas temperature changes, the pressure remains constant, so
that V  n R T Pg must vary. This implies that the piston moves, so that W is not
zero.
Overall: T in itia l  T fin a l   U  0  Q  W  0
In step 1, the gas expands  W  0   U  0  T d e c re a s e s
(c)
F 331 N 5 2
Final gas pressure Pf    1.1 6  1 0 N m
3 2
A 2 .8 3  1 0 m

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.7 c cont’d)
Since work is done by the gas on its surroundings, W  47 J  Q  47 J

Q W  0
(heat transferred to gas).
3 2 .0 0 g 4 .6 8 4 c m 3 103 L
7.8 V   0 .1 4 9 9 L m o l
m ol g 106 cm 3
4 1 .6 4 a tm 0 .1 4 9 9 L 8 .3 1 4 J / (m o l  K )
H  U  P V  1 7 0 6 J m o l   2338 J m ol
m ol 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L  a tm / (m o l  K )
7.9 (a) Ref state
(b)  U  U fin a l  U in itia l  0 .0 0 0  2 8 .2 4   2 8 .2 4 k J m o l
0 .3 1 0 b a r  0 .0 5 1 6  7 9 .9 4  L 8 .3 1 4 J 1 kJ
 Hˆ   2 8 .2 4 k J m o l  3
  3 0 .7 k J m o l
m ol 0 .0 8 3 1 4 L  b a r 10 J
(c) U independent of
V c h a n g e s w ith p re s s u re . A t c o n s ta n t te m p e ra tu re  P V = P ' V '  V ' = P V / P '

(0 .3 1 0 b a r )(7 9 .9 4 L / m o l)
V ' (T = 3 0 0 K , P = 0 .2 0 5 b a r) =  1 2 0 .8 8 L / m o l
0 .2 0 5 b a r

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.9 c cont’d)
5 .0 0 L 1 m ol
n   0 .0 4 1 4 m o l
1 2 0 .8 8 L
(d) Some heat is lost to the surroundings; the energy needed to heat the wall of the container
is being neglected; internal energy is not completely independent of pressure.
7.10 (a)
 H   E k   E p
 Q  W s
4 3 .3 7 m o l 1 m in 3640 J kW
Q   H  n  H  3
 2 .6 3 k W
m in 60s m ol 10 J / s
(b) More information would be needed. The change in kinetic energy would depend on the
cross-sectional area of the inlet and outlet pipes, hence the internal diameter of the
inlet and outlet pipes would be needed to answer this question.
7.11 (a)
1 3 0 .2
H  0  T re f   2 5 C
5 .2

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.11 a cont’d)
⇒
20 kg [ (5 .2  2 0 - 1 3 0 .4 ) - (5 .2  8 0 - 1 3 0 .4 )] k J
(b) E n e rg y b a l a n c e : Q   U   6240 kJ
Ek , E p, W 0 1 kg
6240 kJ 1 m in
A v e ra g e ra te o f h e a t re m o v a l   2 0 .8 k W
5 m in 60 s
7.12 (a)  H   E k   E p
 Q  W s ;  E k ,  E p
, W s  0   H  Q
kg (Table B.7)
kg (Table B.5)
1 0 0 k g H 2 O (v ) / s 1 0 0 k g H 2 O (v ) / s
o o
1 0 0 C , s a tu ra te d 4 0 0 C , 1 a tm
Q (k W )
(b) U  E k  E p
 Q W ; E k , E p
, W  0  U  Q
3
kJ m
T a b le B .5  Uˆ  1 0 0  C , 1 a tm  2507 , Vˆ  1 0 0  C , 1 a tm   1 .6 7 3  Vˆ  4 0 0  C , Pfin a l 
kg kg
Interpolate in Table B.7 to find P at which Vˆ =1.673 at 400oC, and then interpolate again to
find Uˆ at 400oC and that pressure:
 3 .1 1  1 .6 7 3 
Vˆ  1 .6 7 3 m /g  Pfin a l  1 .0  4 .0  ˆ
3 o
  3 .3 b a r , U ( 4 0 0 C , 3 .3 b a r ) = 2 9 6 6 k J /k g
 3 .1 1  0 .6 1 7 
 Q   U  m  Uˆ  1 0 0 k g  2966  2507  kJ 
kg  10 
3 7
J kJ 4 .5 9  1 0 J
The difference is the net energy needed to move the fluid through the system (flow work).
(The energy change associated with the pressure change in Part (b) is insignificant.)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
7.13
m [ k g H 2 O (l) / h ] m [ k g H 2 O (v ) / h ]
o
20 C 2 0 b a r (s a t' d )
Q = 0 . 6 5 ( 8 1 3 k W )  5 2 8 k W
(a)
(b)
n R T 701 kg / h 103 g / kg 4 8 5 .4 K 0 .0 8 3 1 4 L  b a r 1 m3
(c) V    7 8 .5 m 3 / h
P 1 8 .0 2 g / m o l 20 bar m ol  K 103 L
The calculation in (b) is more accurate because the steam tables account for the effect
of pressure on specific enthalpy (nonideal gas behavior).
(d) Most energy released goes to raise the temperature of the combustion products, some
is transferred to the boiler tubes and walls, and some is lost to the surroundings.
7.14
m [k g H 2 O (l)/h ] m [k g H 2 O (v )/h ]
o 3
24 C , 10 bar 1 5 ,0 0 0 m /h @ 1 0 b a r (sa t'd )
Q (k W )

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.14 cont’d)
E k in itia l  0
 E k  E k fin a l  E k in itia l  E k  E k fin a l
7.15 (a) 228 g/min 228 g/min
25oC T(oC)
Q ( k W ) =0
(b)

(c)
(d) Heat is absorbed by the pipe, lost through the insulation, lost in the electrical leads.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
7.16 (a)
(b) C lo th e d : h  8  T o  1 3 .4  C
T s = 3 4 .2
N u d e , im m e rse d : h  6 4  T o  3 1.6  C
T s = 3 4 .2
(c) The wind raises the effective heat transfer coefficient. (Stagnant air acts as a thermal
insulator —i.e., in the absence of wind, h is low.) For a given T o , the skin temperature
must drop to satisfy the energy balance equation: when Ts drops, you feel cold.
7.17
. 3
m ( k g /h ) 5 2 .5 m H 2 O ( v ) /h
.
0 ..8 5 k g H 2 O ( v) /k g m ( k g /h )
o
0 .1 5 k g H 2 O ( l ) /k g 5 b a r, T ( C )
5 b a r , s a tu r a te d , T ( C )
o .
Q (k W )
P  5 b a rs
(a) T a b le B .6 T  1 5 1.8  C , H L  6 4 0 .1 k J k g , H V  2 7 4 7 .5 k J k g
3
5 2 .5 m 1 kg
V ( 5 b a r , s a t' d ) = 0 .3 7 5 m / k g  m
3
   140 kg h
3
h 0 .3 7 5 m
(b)
E n e rg y b a la n c e : Q   H
21 kg  2 7 4 7 .5  6 4 0 .1  ] k J 1 h 1 kW
  12 kW
h kg 3600 s 1 kJ s
T a b le B .6 o
7.18 (a) P  5 bar T s a tu ra tio n  1 5 1.8 C . At 75°C the discharge is all liquid.
H , Vin 3
(b) Inlet: T=350°C, P=40 bar T a b le B .7
in
= 3095 kJ / kg = 0 .0 6 6 5 m / kg
H , Vo u t -3 3
Outlet: T=75°C, P=5 bar T a b le B .7
out
= 3 1 4 .3 k J / k g = 1 .0 3  1 0 m / kg

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.18 b cont’d)
Vin
3
200 kg 1 m in 0 .0 6 6 5 m / kg
u in   2 2  5 0 .1 8 m / s
A in m in 60 s  ( 0 .0 7 5 ) / 4 m
Vo u t
3
200 kg 1 m in 0 .0 0 1 0 3 m / kg
u out   2 2  1.7 5 m / s
A out m in 60 s  ( 0 .0 5 ) / 4 m
m
E n e rg y b a la n c e : Q  W s   H   E k  m ( H 2  H 1 ) 
2 2
(u 2  u1 )
2
2 2 2
200 kg 1 m in (3 1 4 -3 0 9 5 ) k J 200 kg 1 m in (1 .7 5 -5 0 .1 8 ) m
Q Ws   2
m in 60 s kg 2 m in 60 s s
  1 3 , 4 6 0 k W (  1 3 ,4 6 0 k W tra n s f e rre d fro m th e tu rb i n e )
7.19 (a) Assume all heat from steam transferred to oil

4
1 .0 0  1 0 kJ 1 m in
Q   167 kJ s
m in 60 s
1 0 0 k g o il/m in 1 0 0 k g o il/m in
135°C 185°C
m ( k g H 2 O (v )/s ) m ( k g H 2 O (l)/s )
2 5 b a r s , s a t'd 2 5 b a r s , s a t'd
1200 g 1 s 1 kg
T im e b e tw e e n d is c h a rg e s : 3  1 3 s d is c h a rg e b
d is c h a rg e 0 .0 9 1 k g 10 g
(b)
Y e a rly c o s t:
3
1 0 0 0 tra p s 0 .0 9 1 k g s tre a m 0 .1 0 k g la s t 2 .6  1 0 $ 3600 s 24 h 360 day
tra p  s k g s tre a m k g lo s t h day year
5
 $ 7 .4  1 0 / year

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
7.20 10 m3, n moles of steam(v), 275°C, 15 bar  10 m3, n moles of water (v+l), 1.2 bar
1 0 .0 m 3 H 2 O ( v ) 1 0 .0 m 3
m in ( k g )
m v [k g H 2O (v )]
2 7 5 o C , 1 .5 b a r
m l [ k g H 2 O ( l) ]
Q
1 .2 b a r , s a tu r a te d
T a b le B .6 
(a) P=1.2 bar, saturated, T 2  1 0 4 .8 C
3
10 m 1 kg
(b) Total mass of water: m in = 3
 55 kg
0 .1 8 1 8 m
M a s s B a la n c e : m v  m l  5 5 .0
3 3 3
V o lu m e a d d itiv ity : V v  V l  1 0 .0 m  m v ( 1. 4 2 8 m / k g )  m l ( 0 .0 0 1 0 4 8 m / kg)
 m v  7 .0 k g , m l  4 8 .0 k g c o n d e n s e d
(c)
E n e rg y b a la n c e : Q =  U = m v U v  m l U l  m in U in
E p , E k , W  0
 [ ( 7 .0 ) (2 5 1 2 .1 k J / k g ) + ( 4 8 .0 )( 4 3 9 .2 ) - 5 5 k g (2 7 3 9 .2 )] k J
5
=  1 .1 2  1 0 kJ
7.21 (a) Assume both liquid and vapor are present in the valve effluent.
1 kg H 2 O (v ) / s
o
1 5 b a r, Tsat  1 5 0 C m l [ k g H 2 O (l) / s]
m v [ k g H 2 O ( v ) / s ]
1 .0 b a r , s a t u r a t e d
o o
(b) T a b le B .6  T s a t' n ( 1 5 b a r) = 1 9 8 .3 C  T in  3 4 8 .3 C
T a b le B .7  H in  H ( 3 4 8 .3 C , 1 5 b a r)  3 1 4 9 k J / k g

T a b le B .6  H l ( 1 .0 b a r, s a t' d ) = 4 1 7 .5 k J / k g ; H v ( 1 .0 b a r, s a t' d ) = 2 6 7 5 .4 k J / k g
E n e rg y b a l a n c e :  H  0  m l H l  m v H v  m in H in  0
 E p ,  E k , Q , W s  0
m v  m l
 m in H in  m l H l  m v H v 3 1 4 9 k J / k g  m l ( 4 1 7 .5 )  ( 1  m l )( 2 6 7 5 .4 )

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.21 b cont’d)
There is no value of m l between 0 and 1 that would satisfy this equation. (For any
value in this range, the right-hand side would be between 417.5 and 2675.4). The two-
phase assumption is therefore incorrect; the effluent must be pure vapor.
m in  m o u t  1
(c) Energy balance  m o u t H out
 m in H in
3 1 4 9 k J / k g = H ( 1 b a r, T o u t )
T a b le B .7 
Tout  3 3 7 C
7.22 B a s is : 4 0 lb m m in c irc u la tio n
(a) Expansion valve
R = Refrigerant 12
4 0 lb m R ( l) /m in 4 0 lb m / m in
9 3 .3 p s ig , 8 6 ° F x v lb m R ( v ) / lb m
H = 2 7 .8 B tu /lb m ( 1  x v ) lb m R ( l ) / lb m
H v  7 7 .8 B tu / lb m , H l  9 .6 B tu / lb m
E n e rg y b a la n c e :  E p , W s , Q  0 , n e g le c t  E k   H   n i H i   n i H i  0
out in
(b) Evaporator coil
4 0 lbm /m in 4 0 lb m R ( v ) /m in
0 .2 6 7 R (v ) 1 1 .8 p s ig , 5 ° F
0 .7 3 3 R(l ) H = 7 7 .8 B tu /lb m
1 1 .8 p s ig , 5 ° F
H v = 7 7 .8 B tu /lb m , H l = 9 .6 B tu /lb m
E n e rg y b a l a n c e :  E p
, W s  0 , n e g le c t  E k  Q   H
(c) We may analyze the overall process in several ways, each of which leads to the same
result. Let us first note that the net rate of heat input to the system is

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.22 c cont’d)
Q  Q e v a p o ra to r  Q c o n d e n s e r  2 0 0 0  2 5 0 0   5 0 0 B tu m in
3
 5 0 0 B tu 1 m in 1. 3 4 1  1 0 hp
Q  t  W c  t  0  W c  Q  4
 1 1.8 h p
m in 60 s 9 .4 8 6  1 0 B tu s
7.23 B a s is : G iv e n fe e d ra te s
n 1 ( m o l / h )
n C H ( m o l C 3 H 8 / h )
0 .2 C 3 H 8 3 8
n C H ( m o l C 4 H 1 0 / h )
0 .8 C 4 H 1 0 4 10
o
o 227 C
0 C , 1 .1 a tm
n 2 ( m o l / h )
Q ( k J / h ) 0 .4 0 C 3 H 8
0 .6 0 C 4 H 1 0
o
2 5 C , 1 .1 a tm
1 4 .7 m o l 0 .2 0 m o l C 3 H 9 .0 0 m o l 0 .4 0 m o l C 3 H
P ro p a n e b a la n c e  n C  8
 8
3H 8 h m ol h m ol
 6 .5 4 m o l C 3 H 8
h
T o ta l m o le b a la n c e : n C H 10
 ( 1 4 .7  9 .0 0  6 .5 4 ) m o l C 4 H 20
h  1 7 .1 6 m o l C 4 H 20
h
4
E n e rg y b a l a n c e :  E p
, W s  0 , n e g le c t  E k  Q   H
( H i  0 for components of 1st feed stream)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
7.24
(a) Q (k J /m in )
.
n 0 ( k m o l / m in ) 2 1 . 4 k m o l / m in
38°C , h r = 97% 1 8 ° C , s a t'd
y 0 ( m o l H 2 O ( v ) /m o l ) y 1 ( m o l H 2 O ( v ) / m o l)
( 1 – y 0) ( m o l d r y a ir / m o l ) ( 1 – y 1 ) ( m o l d r y a ir /m o l )
.
n 2 ( k m o l H 2 O ( l ) / m in )
18°C
 3 8 C 

h r PH
2O
0 .9 7  4 9 .6 9 2 m m H g 
In le t c o n d itio n : y o    0 .0 6 3 4 m o l H 2 O m o l
P 760 m m H g
1 8  C 

PH 1 5 .4 7 7 m m H g
2O
O u tle t c o n d itio n : y 1    0 .0 2 0 4 m o l H 2 O m o l
P 760 m m H g
(b)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.24 b cont’d)
4
5 .6 7  1 0 kJ 6 0 m in 0 .9 4 8 6 B tu 1 to n c o o lin g
  2 7 0 to n s o f c o o lin g
m in h kJ 1 2 0 0 0 B tu
7.25 Basis: 100 mol feed

n 2 ( m o l ), 6 3 . 0 ° C
A - A ceto n e 0 . 9 8 A (v )
Qc (c a l)
B - A c e t ic A c id 0 . 0 2 B (v )
0. 5 n 2 ( mo l) 0. 5 n 2 ( mo l)
1 0 0 m o l, 6 7 . 5 ° C
0 . 9 8 A (l ) 5 6 .8 ° C 0 . 9 8 A (l )
0 . 6 5 A (l )
0 . 0 2 B (l ) 0 . 0 2 B (l )
0 . 3 5 B (l )
n 5 ( m o l ), 9 8 . 7 ° C
0 . 5 4 4 A (v )
0 . 4 5 6 B (v )
n 5 ( m o l ), 9 8 . 7 ° C
0 . 1 5 5 A (l )
0 . 8 4 5 B (l )
Qr (c a l)
(a) O v e ra ll b a la n c e s :
O v erall en erg y b alan c e : Q   H  n i

H i  n i
H i
E , W  0, E 0
p 2 x out in
in te rp o la te in ta b le in te rp o la te in ta b le
 
 Q  5 8 .8  0   1 .2  0   6 .2  1 3 8 5   3 3 .8  1 3 1 2   6 5  3 5 4   3 5  3 3 5   1 .8 2  1 0
4
cal

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.25 cont’d)
(b)
E n e rg y b a la n c e o n c o n d e n s e r: Q c   H
E p
, W 0, E
3 k
 0
Assume negligible heat transfer between system & surroundings other than Qc & Qr
Q r  Q  Q c  1 .8 2  1 0
4

  8 .7 7  1 0
5
  8 .9 5  1 0 5
cal heat added to reboiler
7.26
1 .9 6 k g , P 1 = 1 0 .0 b a r , T 1
o
2 .9 6 k g , P 3 = 7 .0 b a r , T 3 = 2 5 0 C
1 .0 0 k g , P2 = 7 .0 b a r , T 2
Q= 0
o
(a) T 2  T ( P  7 .0 b a r, s a t' d s te a m ) = 1 6 5 .0 C
H 3 ( H 2 O ( v ), P = 7 .0 b a r, T = 2 5 0 C )  2 9 5 4 k J k g (T a b le B .7 )
o

H 2 ( H 2 O ( v ), P = 7 .0 b a r, s a t' d )  2 7 6 0 k J k g ( T a b le B .6 )
E n e rg y b a l a n c e
E p
, Q , W , E
s k
 0
 H  0  2 .9 6 H 3  1.9 6 H 1  1.0 H 2
 1.9 6 H 1  2 .9 6 k g (2 9 5 4 k J / k g ) - 1 .0 k g (2 7 6 0 k J / k g )
 H 1 ( 1 0 .0 b a r, T 1 )  3 0 5 3 k J / k g  T 1  3 0 0 C

(b) The estimate is too low. If heat is being lost the entering steam temperature would have
to be higher for the exiting steam to be at the given temperature.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
7.27 (a)
(b) P  Pm a x  2 0 .0 b a r; m to ta l  1 6 5.0  0 .0 3 7 6  1 6 5.0 4 k g

T 1  T ( P  2 0 .0 b a r, s a t' d . ) = 2 1 2 .4 C
Vl ( P  2 0 .0 b a r, s a t' d . ) = 0 .0 0 1 1 7 7 m / k g ; Vv ( P  2 0 .0 b a r, s a t' d . ) = 0 .0 9 9 5 m

3 3
/ kg
V to ta l  m l Vl  m v Vv  m l Vl  ( m to ta l  m l )Vv

3
2 0 0 .0 L 1 m 3 3
  m l k g ( 0 .0 0 1 1 7 7 m / k g ) + (1 6 5 .0 4 - m l ) k g ( 0 .0 9 9 5 m / kg)
1000 L
 m l  1 6 4 .9 8 k g ; m v  0 .0 6 k g
3
0 .0 0 1 1 7 7 m 1000 L 1 6 4 .9 8 k g
Vl  3
 1 9 4 .2 L ; V s p a c e  2 0 0 .0 L - 1 9 4 .2 L = 5 .8 L
kg m
( 0 .0 6 - 0 .0 4 ) k g 1000 g
m e v a p o r a te d   20 g
kg
(c) E n e rg y b a la n c e Q =  U  U ( P  2 0 .0 b a r, s a t' d )  U ( P  3 .0 b a r, s a t' d )

E p
, W , E
s k
 0
U l ( P  2 0 .0 b a r, s a t' d . ) = 9 0 6 .2 k J / k g ; U v ( P  2 0 .0 b a r, s a t' d . ) = 2 5 9 8 .2 k J / k g
U l ( P  3 .0 b a r, s a t' d . ) = 5 6 1 .1 k J / k g ; U v ( P  3 .0 b a r, s a t' d . ) = 2 5 4 3 k J / k g
Q  0 .0 6 k g (2 5 9 8 .2 k J / k g ) + 1 6 4 .9 8 k g ( 9 0 6 .2 k J / k g ) - 0 .0 4 k g (2 5 4 3 k J / k g )
4
 1 6 5 .0 k g (5 6 1 .1 k J / k g ) = 5 .7 0  1 0 kJ
Heat lost to the surroundings, energy needed to heat the walls of the tank
(d) (i) The specific volume of liquid increases with the temperature, hence the same mass of
liquid water will occupy more space; (ii) some liquid water vaporizes, and the lower
density of vapor leads to a pressure increase; (iii) the head space is smaller as a result of
the changes mentioned above.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.27 cont’d)
(e) – Using an automatic control system that interrupts the heating at a set value of
pressure
– A safety valve for pressure overload.
– Never leaving a tank under pressure unattended during operations that involve
temperature and pressure changes.
T  0 C , H  0 ,  T re f  0 C
o o
7.28 (a) When
(b) Energy Balance-Closed System: U  0
E k
, E p
, Q,W  0
25 g F e, 175°C
25 g Fe
1 0 0 0 g H 2 O ( l) 1 0 0 0 g H 2O
20°C T f (°C )

7.29

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.29 cont’d)
In itia l c o n d itio n s : T a b le B .5  U L1
 1 0 4 .8 k J k g , V L 1  1.0 0 3 L k g
P  0 .0 3 1 7 b ar T  2 5  C , sat' d  U v 1  2 4 0 9 .9 k J k g , V L 1  4 3 ,4 0 0 L k g
Tf U v U L
Vv V L f
2
2 0 1.4 2 5 9 3 .8 8 5 6 .7 1 2 3 .7 1.1 5 9  5 .1 2  1 0
2
1 9 8 .3 2 5 9 2 .4 8 4 2 .9 1 3 1.7 1.1 5 4  1.9 3  1 0
2
1 9 5 .0 2 5 9 0 .8 8 2 8 .5 1 4 0 .7 1.1 4 9 1.3 4  1 0
4
1 9 6 .4 2 5 9 1.5 8 3 4 .6 1 3 6 .9 1.1 5 1  4 .0 3  1 0  T f  1 9 6 .4  C , P f  1 4 .4 b a rs

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
7.30 (a) P o in t 1 - s u rfa c e o f flu id . P1  3 .1 b a r , z1   7 m , m/s
P o in t 2 - d is c h a rg e p ip e o u tle t . , m, u2  ?
9 .8 0 6 6 m 7m 2 2
gz  2
  6 8 .6 m s
s
(b) The friction loss term of Eq. (7.7-2), which was dropped to derive the Bernoulli
equation, becomes increasingly significant as the valve is closed.
7.31 P o in t 1 - s u rfa c e o f la k e . P1  1 a tm , z1  0 , u1  0
P o in t 2 - p ip e o u tle t . P2  1 a tm ,
3
W s -8 h p 0 .7 3 7 6 ft  lb f / s 1 m in 7 .4 8 0 5 g a l 1 ft 60 s
S h a ft w o rk : 
3
m 1 .3 4 1  1 0 hp 95 gal 1 ft
3
6 2 .4 lb m 1 m in
  3 3 3 ft  lb f lb m

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(7.31 cont’d)
7.32 P o in t 1 - s u rfa c e o f re s e rv o ir . P1  1 a tm (assume), u1  0 , z1  60 m
P o in t 2 - d is c h a rg e p ip e o u tle t . P2  1 a tm (assume), u2  ? , z2  0
P   0
9 .8 0 6 6 m 65 m 1 N
gz  2 2
 637 N  m kg
s 1 kg  m / s
 W s
2 3
P u 800 TE
1. 2 7 m 60 s
  gz   3 .3 7 6V  6 3 7  
2
 V   7 6 .2 m
3
m in
 2 m V s 1 m in
Include friction (add F 0 to left side of equation)  V increases.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
CHAPTER EIGHT
U ( T )  2 5.9 6 T  0 .0 2 1 3 4 T
2
8.1 (a) J / m ol
U ( 0 C )  0 J / m o l U ( 1 0 0 C )  2 8 0 9 J / m o l T r e f  0 C ( s in c e U ( 0 C ) = 0 )
o o o o
U ( 1 0 0 C ) U ( 0 C )
o o
(b) We can never know the true internal energy. is just the change from to
U ( 1 0 0 C )
o
.
(c) Q  W  U  E k  E p
E k
 0, E p
 0, W  0
Q   U  ( 3 .0 m o l )[( 2 8 0 9  0 ) J / m o l]  8 4 2 8 J  8 4 0 0 J
(d)
8.2 (a)
 C v  2 7 .0  0 .0 2 9 1 T [ J / (m o l  C )]
100 100

2
T
 Hˆ  25
100
(b)  C p d T  3 5 .3 T  0 .0 2 9 1 
2  25
 2784 J m ol
25
(c)
(d) H is a s ta t e p r o p e r ty

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.3 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8.4
o o
H 2 O (v , 1 0 0 C , 1 a tm )  H 2 O (v , 3 5 0 C , 1 0 0 b a r)
(a)
H  2 9 2 6 k J k g  2 6 7 6 k J k g  2 5 0 k J k g
(b)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.5
8.6 (a)
(b)
The difference is the flow work done on the gas in the continuous system.
(c)
heat needed to raise temperature of vessel wall + heat that escapes from
Q a d d itio n a l 
wall to surroundings.
8.7 (a)
(b)
(c)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(d)
8.8 (a)
(b)
Q  n   H  n  H o  H o  ( 1 7 8 .5 m o l / s )(0 .7 3 - 1 2 .8 1 5 [ k J / m o l] ) =  2 ,1 5 7 k W
(50 C ) (450 C)
8.9 Assume ideal gas behavior, so that pressure changes do not affect  H .
3 o
2 0 0 ft 4 9 2 R 1.2 a tm 1 lb - m o l
n   0 .6 1 2 5 lb - m o le / h
o 3
h 537 R 1 a tm 3 5 9 ft (S T P )
8.10
Assume H m ix  0

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.11
8.12 (a)
o o
5 5 0 0 L (S T P )/ m in C H 3 O H (v ) 6 5 C n 2 m o l/ m in C H 3 O H (v ) 2 6 0 C
n 2 (m o l/ m in )
o o
m w k g / m in H 2 O ( l, s a t ‘d ) @ 9 0 C m w k g / m in H 2 O (v , s a t ‘d ) @ 3 0 0 C
3 3
V w 2 ( m / m in ) V w 1 ( m / m in )
5 5 0 0 L (S T P ) 1 m ol
n2   2 4 5 .5 m o l C H 3 O H (v )/m in
m in 2 2 .4 L (S T P )
An energy balance on the unit is then written, using Tables B.5 and B.6 for the specific
enthalpies of the outlet and inlet water, respectively, and Table B.2 for the heat capacity
of methanol vapor. The only unknown is the flow rate of water, which is calculated to
be 1 .1 3 k g H 2 O /m in .
 kg   k J   1 m in   1 k W 
(b) Q   1 .1 3   2 3 7 3 .9     4 4 .7 k W
 m in   k g   6 0 s e c   1 k J /s 

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.13 (a)
1270 mol/h, 620°C

425°C
m (kg H O(
2 )/h),
l 20°C
(b) When cold water contacts hot gas, heat is transferred from the hot gas to the cold water
lowering the temperature of the gas (the object of the process) and raising the
temperature of the water.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.14
8.15 (a)
1 5 1 5 L / s a ir
o
5 0 0 C , 8 3 5 t o r,
o
Tdp= 3 0 C 1 5 1 5 L / s a ir , 1 a t m
1 1 0 g /s H 2O ( v)
o
1 1 0 g /s H 2O , T= 2 5 C
Let n 1 (m o l / s ) be the molar flow rate of dry air in the air stream, and n 2 (m o l / s) be
the molar flow rate of H2O in the air stream.
1515 L 835 m m H g m ol  K
n 1 + n 2   2 6 .2 m o l / s
s 773 K 6 2 .3 6 L  m m H g
o
n 2 p * (3 0 C ) 3 1.8 2 4 m m H g
= y =   0 .0 3 8 1 m o l H 2 O / m o l a ir
n 1 + n 2 P to ta l 835 m m H g
 n 1  2 5 .2 m o l d r y a ir / s ; n 2  1.0 m o l H 2 O /s

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b)
139 139
Q    2 5 .2  
500
C 
p
a ir
d T   1 .0 0  
500
C 
p
H 2O (v )
dT  290 kW
This heat goes to vaporize the entering liquid water and bring it to the final temperature
of 139oC.
(c) When cold water contacts hot air, heat is transferred from the air to the cold water mist,
lowering the temperature of the gas and raising the temperature of the cooling air.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.16
8.17 (a)
(b)  H   6 4 .0 5 k J / m o l

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(c)
3 3
1 .7 5 m 879 kg 1 km ol 10 m ol 1 m in m ol
8.18 n  3
 1 6 4 .1
2 .0 m in m 7 8 .1 1 k g 1 km ol 60 s s
8.19
Time to Saturation
6 k g c a rb o n 0 .4 0 g C C l 4 1 m ol C C l 4 1 m ol gas 1 m in
 4 5 .0 m in
g c a rb o n 1 5 3 .8 4 g C C l 4 0 .0 3 4 7 m o l C C l 4 10 m ol gas

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.20  H v  3 5 .9 8 k J m o l , Tb  1 3 6 .2  C  4 0 9 .4 K , Pc  3 7 .0 a tm , Tc  6 1 9 .7 K (from Table B.1)
8.21 (a) Antoine equation:
Watson Correction:
(b)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(c)
8.22 (a) Tout = 49.3oC. The only temperature at which a pure species can exist as both vapor and
liquid at 1 atm is the normal boiling point, which from Table B.1 is 49.3oC for
cyclopentane.
(b)
Ideal gas equation of state
1550 L 273 K 1 m ol
n f   4 4 .6 6 m o l C 5 H 10 (v ) / s
s 423 K 2 2 .4 L (S T P )
55% condensation: n l  0 .5 5 0 ( 4 4 .6 6 m o l / s) = 2 4 .5 6 m o l C 5 H 1 0 ( l ) / s
Cyclopentane balance  n v  ( 4 4 .6 6  2 4 .5 6 ) m o l C 5 H 1 0 / s = 2 0 .1 0 m o l C 5 H 1 0 (v ) / s
Reference: C5H10(l) at 49.3oC
n in H in n o u t H o u t
Substance (mol/s) (kJ/mol) (mol/s) (kJ/mol)
C5H10 (l) — — 24.56 0
C5H10 (v) 44.66 H 20.10 H
f v
S u b s titu ti n g f o r  H v f r o m T a b le B .1 a n d f o r C p f r o m T a b le B .2
 H f  3 8 .3 6 k J / m o l, H v  2 7 .3 0 k J / m o l

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Q   n o u t H  n in H
3 3
Energy balance: out  in   1.1 6  1 0 k J / s =  1.1 6  1 0 kW
8.23
100 kmol/h at 0°C, 3 atm

y out (kmol C H6 (14)/kmol),
v saturated
n 1 (kmol/h) at 75°C, 3 atm
(1 – y out
) (kmol N /kmol)
2
y in (kmol C H6 (14)/kmol),
v 90% sat'd
n 2 kmols/h n C 6H 14( ),v 0°C
(1 – y in) (kmol N /kmol)
2
Antoine:
1 1 7 5 .8 1 7
p v  0  C   4 5 .2 4 m m H g , p v  7 5  C   9 2 0 .4 4 m m H g
  
lo g p v  6 .8 8 5 5 5 
2 2 4 .8 6 7  T
Percent Condensation:
References: N2(25oC), n-C6H14(l, 0oC)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.24 (a)
H = n -h e xa n e
5 0 . 3 m o l/ s , 8 5 0 m m H g a ss u me P = 8 50 m mH g
o
x0 m o l H / m o l n 2 m o l H (v )/ m o l , s a t ’d @ T C
(1 - x0 ) m o l a ir/ m o l n 3 m o l a ir/ m o l
o o
40 C , T d p = 20 C n 1 (m o ls H ( l )/ s )
(9 0 % o f H in fe e d )
(b)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
*
Antoine equation: p H  6 7 .8 m m H g  T  7 .8  C
Air: H fro m T a b le B .8
257 kJ s 1 k W c o o lin g
Energy balance: Q  H   n i H i   n i H i 
1 kJ s
 257 kW
out in
(c)
8.25
o
n v ( m o l / m in ) @ 6 5 C , P 0 ( a tm )
y [ m o l P (v ) / m o l] , s a t' d
(1 - y ) (m o l H (v ) / m o l)
o
1 0 0 m o l / s @ 8 0 C , 5 .0 a tm
0 .5 0 0 m o l P (l) / m o l Q ( k J / s )
0 .5 0 0 m o l H (l) / m o l
o
n l ( m o l / m in ) @ 6 5 C , P 0 ( a tm )
0 .4 1 m o l P (l) / m o l
0 .5 9 m o l H (l) / m o l
(a) Degree of freedom analysis
5 unknowns
– 2 material balances

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
– 2 equilibrium relations (Raoult’s law) at outlet

– 1 energy balance
0 degrees of freedom
Antoine equation (Table B.4)  p *P ( 6 5 o C ) = 1851 m m H g, p H (65 C ) = 675 m m H g

* o
T o ta l m o le b a la n c e : 1 0 0 m o l = n v  n l n v  3 6 .6 m o l v a p o r / s

P e n ta n e b a la n c e : 5 0 m o le P = 0 .6 5 6 n v + 0 .4 1 0 n l n l  6 3 .4 m o l liq u id / s
nv RT 3 6 .6 m o l 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L  a tm (6 5 + 2 7 3 )K
Id e a l g a s e q u a tio n o f s ta te : V v    667 L / s
P0 s m ol  K 1.5 2 a tm
3 6 .6 m o l v a p o r / s m o l v a p o riz e d
Fractional vaporization: f   0 .3 6 6
100 m ol / s m o l fe d
o
References: P (l), H (l) a t 6 5 C
S u b s ta n c e n in H in n o u t H out
P (v )   2 4 .0 2 4 .3 3 n in m o l s
P (l) 50 2 .8 0 6 2 6 .0 0 H in k J / m o l
H (v )   1 2 .6 2 9 .0 5
H (l) 50 3 .2 4 5 3 7 .4 0
T b a n d  H v fro m T a b le B .1 , C p fro m T a b le B .2
Energy balance: Q   n o u t H out   n in H in  1040 kW

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.26
Neglect enthalpy change for the vapor transition from 116C to 113C.
8.27
(a) Solids balance: 2 0 0  0 .3 5 m 3  m 3  5 7 1.4 k g h slurry
H 2 O b a la n c e :

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b)
 5 9 2 .0  4 2 8 .6   1 6 3 k g h a d d itio n a l s te a m
(c)
The cost of compressing and reheating the steam vs. the cost of obtaining it externally.
8.28 Basis: 5000 kg seawater/h

(a) S = Salt
n 3 (kg H O(
2 )/h
l @ 4 bars)
2738 kJ/kg
n 4 kg H O(
2 )/h
v @ 0.2 bars
n 2 (kg H O(
2 )/h
v @ 0.6 bars) 2610 kJ/kg
2654 kJ/kg
5000 kg/h @ 300 K n 1 (kg/h @ 0.6 bars) n 3 (kg/h @ 0.2 bars)
0.035 S 0.055 S x (kg S/kg)
0.965 H O(
2 ) l 0.945 H O(
2 )l (1 – )x (kg H 2O( )/hr)
l
113.1 kJ/kg 360 kJ/kg 252 kJ/kg
n 5 (kg H O(
2 )/h
l @ 4 bars) n 2 (kg H O(
2 )/h
l @ 0.6 bars)
605 kJ/kg 360 kJ/kg
(b) S balance on 1st effect:
Mass balance on 1st effect: 5 0 0 0  3 1 8 2  n 2  n 2  1 8 1 8 k g h
(c) Mass balance on 2nd effect: 3 1 8 2  n 3  n 4 (1)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Energy balance on 2nd effect:
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously:

n 3  1 2 6 7 k g h brine solution
n 4  1 9 1 5 k g h H2O (v)
(d) The entering steam must be at a higher temperature (and hence a higher saturation
pressure) than that of the liquid to be vaporized for the required heat transfer to take
place.
(e)
n 5 (kg H O(
2 )/h)
v
2738 kJ/kg 3733 kg/h H O(2 ) @
v 0.2 bar
2610 kJ/kg
5000 kg/h n 1 (kg brine/h @ 0.2 bar

0.035 S 252 kJ/kg
0.965 H O(
2 )l
113.1 kJ/kg
Q3 n 5 (kg H O(
2 )/h)
l
605 kJ/kg
Mass balance: 5 0 0 0  3 7 3 3  n 1  n 1  1 2 6 7 k g h
Which costs more: the additional 1918 kg/hr fresh steam required for the single-stage
process, or the construction and maintenance of the second effect?

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.29 (a)
(b) Final result given in Part (d).

th
(c) S a lt b a la n c e o n i e ffe c t:
(d)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
8.30 (a) Basis: 50 kg wet steaks/min
D.M. = dry meat

m 1 (kg H O(
2 )/min)
v (96% of H 2 O in feed)
60°C
50 kg/min @ –26°C
0.72 H O(
2 ) s
m 2 (kg D.M./min)
0.28 D.M.
m 3 (kg H O(
2 )/min)
l
Q (kW) 50°C
Dry meat:

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Energy balance:
5
1 .0 6  1 0 kJ 1 m in 1 kW
Q  H   m i H i   m i H i 
m in 60 s 1 kJ s
 1760 kW
out in
8.31 Basis: 20,000 kg/h ice crystallized. S = solids in juice. W = water.
.
Q f
preconcent rate
. . .
m 1 (kg/h) juice m 2 (kg/h) Slurry(10% ice), –7°C m 5 (kg/h) product
freezer filter
0.12 solids(S) x 2 (kg S/kg) 20,000 kg W ( )/hs 0.45 kg S/kg
.
0.88 H O(
2 )(W)
l (1 – x )2 (kg W/kg) m 4 kg residue/h 0.55 kg W /kg
20°C 0.45 kg S/kg 20,000 kg W ( )/hs
.
0.55 kg W ( )/kg
l m 4 (kg/h), 0.45 S, 0.55 W
.
m 3 (kg/h), 0°C
separat or
0.45 kg S/kg 20,000 kg W ( )/hs
0.45 kg W ( )/kg
l
20000 10
(a) 10% ice in slurry    m 4  1 8 0 0 0 0 k g h
m 4 90
concentrate leaving freezer
Mass balance on filter:
2 0 0 0 0  m 4  m 5  2 0 0 0 0  m 6  m 6  1 7 2 7 3 0 k g h re c y c le
m 4  1 8 0 0 0 0
m 5  7 2 7 3
Mass balance on mixing point:

5
2 7 2 7 3  1 7 2 7 3 0  m 2  m 2  2 .0 0 0  1 0 k g h p r e c o n c e n tr a te

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(b) Draw system boundary for every balance to enclose freezer and mixing point (Inputs:
fresh feed and recycle streams; output; slurry leaving freezer)
8.32 (a) Basis: 1 mol feed/s
n V m o l v a p o r/ s @ T , P
o
y mo l A /mo l
1 m o l/ s @ T F C v a p o r a n d liq u id s t re a m s
(1 -y ) m o l B / m o l
in e q u il ib r iu m
xF m o l A / m o l
n L m o l v a p o r/ s @ T , P
(1 - xF ) m o l B / m o l
x mo l A /mo l
(1 - x ) m o l B / m o l

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(b)

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(c)

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8.33 (a) For 24°C and 50% relative humidity, from Figure 8.4-1,

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(b)
(c)
(d)
8.34
3
V ro o m  1 4 1 f t . D A = d r y a ir .
3 o
1 4 0 ft lb - m o l  R 2 9 lb m
DA 1 a tm
m DA =  1 0 .1 lb m
DA
3 o
0 .7 3 0 2 ft  a tm lb - m o l 5 5 0 R
0 .2 0 5 lb m
H 2O
ha   0 .0 2 0 3 lb m
H 2 O / lb m
DA
1 0 .1 lb m
DA
8.35
Td b  3 5 C
 h r  5 5 % H e w in s
Tab  2 7  C
8.36 (a)
F ig . 8 .4 -1 h r  3 3 % , h a  0 .0 1 4 8 k g H 2 O k g d ry a ir
Tdb  4 0  C , Tdew  2 0 C 
p o in t
T w b  2 5 .5  C
(b)
Mass of water:

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3 3
2 .2  1 0 k g d ry a ir 0 .0 1 4 8 k g H 2 O 10 g
 0 .0 3 3 g H 2 O
1 k g d ry a ir 1 kg
(c)
(d)
400 kg 2 .4 4 k g w a te r
8.37 (a)  1 0 .0 k g w a te r e v a p o ra te s / m in
m in 9 7 .5 6 k g a ir
(b)
(c) Td b  1 0  C , saturated
 h a  0 .0 0 7 7 k g H 2 O k g d r y a ir , H  2 9 .5 k J k g d r y a ir
(d)

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substance m in H in m o u t H o u t
Air 400 115 400 29.5 m a ir in kg dry air/min, m H in kg/min

2O
H2O (l) — — 6.92 42 H a ir in kJ/kg dry air, H H in kJ/kg

2O
H a ir in kJ/kg dry air, H H in kJ/kg

2O
H2O (l, 00C) H2O (l, 200C):
 3 4 0 2 7 .8 k J 1 m in 1 kW
Q  H   m i Hˆ i   m i Hˆ i   565 kW
m in 60 s 1 k J /s
out in
(e) T>50°C, because the heat required to evaporate the water would be transferred from the
air, causing its temperature to drop. To calculate (Tair)in, you would need to know the
flow rate, heat capacity and temperature change of the solids.
8.38 Basis: 1 kg wet chips. DA = dry air, DC = dry chips
Outlet air: Tdb=38oC, Twb=29oC Inlet air: 11.6 m3(STP), Tdb=100oC
m2a (kg DA) m1a (kg DA)

m2w [kg H2O(v)]
1 kg wet chips, 19oC m3c (kg dry chips)

0.40 kg H2O(l)/kg m3w [kg H2O(l)]
0.60 kg DC/kg T (oC)
(a) Dry air: m1a =
Outlet air:
 Tdb  3 8 C , Twb  2 9 C       Hˆ 2  (9 5 .3  0 .4 8 )  9 4 .8 k J k g D .A .
F ig . 8 .4 -1
h a  0 .0 2 2 3 k g H 2 O k g D .A .
2
Water in outlet air:
(b) H 2 O b a la n c e :
0 .4 0 0 k g = 0 .3 3 5 k g + m 3 w  m 3 w  0 .0 6 5 k g H 2 O
Moisture content of exiting chips:

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0 .0 6 5 k g w a te r
 1 0 0 %  9 .8 %  1 5 %  m e e ts d e s ig n s p e c ific a tio n
0 .6 0 0 k g d ry c h ip s + 0 .0 6 5 k g w a te r
(c) References: Dry air, H2O (l), dry chips @ 0°C.
substance m in H in m out H o u t
Air 15.02 100.2 15.02 94.8 m a ir in kg DA, H a ir in kJ/kg DA

H2O (l) 0.400 79.5 0.065 4.184T m in kg DC, H in in kJ/kg DC
dry chips 0.600 39.9 0.6 2.10T
Energy Balance: H   m o u t Hˆ o u t   m in Hˆ in  0   1 3 6 .8  1 .5 3 2 T  0  T  8 9 .3  C
8.39 (a)
Td b  4 5 C
T a s  T w b  2 1. 0  C h a  0 .0 0 5 9 k g H 2 O k g D A
hr  10% F ig . 8 .4 -1
(b)
8.40
V  0 .9 2 m
3
In le t a ir : T d b  5 0  C F ig . 8 .4 -1 k g D . A . , Twb  2 2  C
Tdew p t.
 4 C h a  0 .0 0 5 0 k g H 2 O k g D . A .
3
1 1 .3 m 1 kg D .A .
 1 2 .3 k g D . A . m in
3
m in 0 .9 2 m
O u tle t a ir : T w b  T a s  2 2  C
 T  22 C h a  0 .0 1 6 5 k g H 2 O k g D . A .
s a tu ra te d
Evaporation:

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8.41 (a)
(b) Basis: 1 kg entering sugar (S) solution

m1 (kg D.A.) m1 (kg D.A.)
0.0050 kg H2O/kg DA 0.0151 kg H2O(v)/kg
1 kg m2 (kg)
0.05 kg S/kg 0.20 kg S/kg
0.95 kg H2O/kg 0.80 kg H2O/kg
Sugar balance:
Water balance:
8.42 Basis: 1 kg D.A.
(a)
Inlet air:
Tdb  4 0  C
 h a 1  0 .0 0 3 9 k g H 2 O k g D . A .
Twb  1 8 C
Outlet air:

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(b)
12 5 0 kg /h m a (lb m H 2O /h )
o o
T = 3 7 C , h r= 5 0 % T = 1 5 C , s a t ’d
m c (lb m H 2O /h )
liq u id , 1 2 ° C
Q c ( Btu /h )
Inlet air:
Moles dry air:
1250 kg 1 kg D A
m a   1226 kg D A h
h 1 .0 1 9 8 k g
Outlet air:
 1 1.3 k g H 2 O h w ith d ra w n
Reference states for enthalpy calculations: H2O (l), dry air at 0o C.
kJ 12
 H 2 O  l , 1 2  C  : Hˆ 
(C p ) H
2O (l) = 4.184 o
kg  C
 0
C p d T  5 0 .3 k J/k g

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Overall system energy balance:
Q c   H   m i H i   m i H i
out in
8.43
400 m ol N H 3
 7 8 .2 k J
H    3 1,2 8 0 k J
m ol N H 3
8.44 Basis: 100 mol solution  20 mol NaOH, 80 mol H2O
80 m ol H 2O m ol H 2O
 r   4 .0 0
20 m ol N aO H m ol N aO H
Refs: NaOH(s), H2O (l) @ 25oC
NaOH (Table B.11)

4
 6 8 8 .6 k J 9 .4 8 6  1 0 B tu
H   n i H i   n i H i  ( 2 0 ) (  3 4 .4 3 )    6 5 3 .2 B tu
3
out in 10 kJ
8.45 Basis:
1 L 8 m ol H Cl 3 6 .4 7 g H C l
 292 g H Cl
L m ol H Cl

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4 6 . 0 m o l H 2 O (l , 2 5 ° C )
8 . 0 m o l H C l (g , 2 0 ° C , 7 9 0 m m H g ) 1 L H C l (a q )
1120 g  292 g  828 g H 2 O ]
828 g H 2O m ol
 4 6 .0 m o l H 2 O
1 8 .0 g
4 6 .0 m o l H 2 O
n   5 .7 5 m o l H 2 O m o l H C l
8 .0 m o l H C l
Assume all HCl is absorbed
Volume of gas:
(b) Ref: 25 C
Q   H   4 7 1 k J L p ro d u c t
(c)

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8.46 Basis: Given solution feed rate
. .
n a ( m o l a ir / m i n ) n a ( m o l a ir / m i n )
.
2 0 0 ° C , 1 .1 b a r s n 1 ( m o l H 2 O ( v) /m in )
s a tu r a te d @ 5 0 ° C , 1 a t m
1 5 0 m o l/ m in s o lu tio n
.
0 .0 0 1 N a O H n 2 ( m o l/ m in ) @ 5 0 ° C
0 .9 9 9 H 2O 0 .0 5 N a O H
2 5 °C 0 .9 5 H 2 O
NaOH balance:
min
1 m ol N aO H 4 0 .0 g 19 m ol H 2 O 1 8 .0 g g s o lu tio n
S o lu tio n m a s s : m    382
1 m ol 1 m ol m ol N aO H
Air @ 200C: Table B.8  H  5 .1 5 k J m o l
Air (dry) @ 50C: Table B.8  H  0 .7 3 k J m o l

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8.47
(a) Average molecular weight of feed solution: M  0 .2 0 0 M A

 0 .8 0 0 M H 2O
Molar flow rate of feed:
200 kg 1 km ol
n0   6 .4 9 k m o l h
h 3 0 .8 k g
(b) 16.9% evaporation:
A balance:
(1)

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Mass flow rate of crystals:
Mass flow rate of product solution:
(c)

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8.48
Ref: H 2O , H 2S O 4 @ 25 C
H ( H 2 O ( l ), 1 5 C )  [ 0 .0 7 5 4 k J / (m o l  C )](1 5  2 5 ) C =
o o o
 0 .7 5 4 k J / m o l
Energy Balance:
Conditions: Adiabatic, negligible heat absorbed by the solution container.

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8.49 (a)
Enthalpies of feeds and product:
Energy balance:
Conditions for validity: Adiabatic mixing; negligible heat absorbed by the solution
container, negligible dependence of heat capacities on temperature between 25oC and
TA0 for A, 25oC and TB0 for B, and 25oC and Tmax for the solution.

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(b)
C ps
 3 .3 5 J (g  C )  T m ax  1 2 5 C
8.50 Ideal gas equation of state: n A 0  P0 V g / R T 0 (1)

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E.B.: U  0   n i U i   n i U i
out in
(b)

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(c)

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8.51 (a)
(b)

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(c)
(d) A d d th e c o n c e n tra te d s o lu tio n to th e d ilu te s o lu tio n . The rate of temperature rise is

much lower (isotherms are crossed at a lower rate) when moving from left to right on
Figure 8.5-1.

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CHAPTER NINE
C9H 20 ( l )  1 4 O 2 ( g )  9 C O 2 ( g ) + 1 0 H 2 O ( l)
9.1
 H r   6 1 2 4 k J / m o l
o
(a) When 1 g-mole of C9H20(l) and 14 g-moles of O2(g) at 25C and 1 atm react to form 9 g-moles of
CO2(g) and 10 g-moles of water vapor at 25C and 1 atm, the change in enthalpy is -6124 kJ.
(b) Exothermic at 25C. The reactor must be cooled to keep the temperature constant. The
temperature would increase under adiabatic conditions. The energy required to break the
molecular bonds of the reactants is less than the energy released when the product bonds are
formed.
 H
0
n C H r 2 5 .0 m o l C 9 H 6124 kJ 1 kW
20
Q   H =
9 20 5
(c)    1.5 3  1 0 kW
 C9H
s 1 m ol C 9 H 20 1 kJ / s
20
5
Heat Output = 1.5310 kW.
The reactor pressure is low enough to have a negligible effect on enthalpy.

(d)
C9H 20 ( g )  1 4 O 2 ( g )  9 C O 2 ( g ) + 1 0 H 2 O ( l) (1 )
 H r   6 1 7 1 k J / m o l
o
C9H 20 ( l )  1 4 O 2 ( g )  9 C O 2 ( g ) + 1 0 H 2 O ( l) (2 )
 H r   6 1 2 4 k J / m o l
o
( 2 )  (1)  C 9 H 20 (l)  C 9 H 20 (g)
 H v ( C 9 H
o 
20 ,2 5 C )   6 1 2 4 k J / m o l  (  6 1 7 1 k J / m o l) = 4 7 k J / m o l
(e) Yes. Pure n-nonane can only exist as vapor at 1 atm above 150.6C, but in a mixture of gases, it
can exist as a vapor at lower temperatures.
9.2 (a) Exothermic. The reactor will have to be cooled to keep the temperature constant. The
Temperature would increase under adiabatic conditions. The energy required to break
The reactant bonds is less than the energy released when the product bonds are formed.
(b)

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(c)
M O2 = 3 2 .0
m  1 2 0 lb m / s  n  3 .7 5 lb - m o le / s .
n O  Hˆ r
o 6
3 .7 5 lb -m o le /s  1 .6 7 2  1 0 B tu
 fro m re a c to r 
5
Q  H     6 .6 0  1 0 B tu /s
2
vO 9 .5 1 lb -m o le O 2
2
9.3 CaC2 (s) + 5H2O (l) CaO (s) + 2CO2 (g) + 5H2 (g),  H ro  6 9 .3 6 k J k m o l
(a) Endothermic. The reactor will have to be heated to keep the temperature constant. The
temperature would decrease under adiabatic conditions. The energy required to break the
reactant bonds is more than the energy released when the product bonds are formed.
(b)
 U r is th e c h a n g e in in te rn a l e n e rg y w h e n 1 g - m o le o f C a C 2 (s ) a n d 5 g - m o le s o f H 2 O (l) a t 2 5 C a n d
o 

1 a tm re a c t to fo rm 1 g - m o le o f C a O (s ), 2 g - m o le s o f C O 2 (g ) a n d 5 g - m o le s o f H 2 (g ) a t 2 5 C
a n d 1 a tm .
n C a C  U r
o
150 g C aC 2 1 m ol 5 2 .0 k J
(c) Q  U    1 2 1 .7 k J
2
v C aC 6 4 .1 0 g 1 m ol C aC 2
2
Heat must be transferred to the reactor.
9.4 (a) N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2NO (g),
(b)
(c)

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o

 Hˆ r  6  Hˆ f
o
 CO2

 7  Hˆ f
o
 H 2O g 
  Hˆ f
o
  C 6 H 14  l 
   6    3 9 3 .5   7   2 4 1 .8 3     1 9 8 .8   k J m o l   3 8 5 5 k J m o l
(d) N a 2S O 4 (l)  4 C O (g )  N a 2S (l)  4 C O 2 (g )
9.5 (a)
Given reaction = (1) + (2) ⇒ -385.76 – 35.03 = -420.79 kJ/mol
5
 H c   1 2 9 9 .6 k J m o l
o
9.6 C 2 H 2 (g)  O 2 (g )  2 C O 2 (g ) + H 2 O (l)
2
(a) The enthalpy change when 1 g-mole of C2H2(g) and 2.5 g-moles of O2(g) at 25C and 1 atm react
to form 2 g-moles of CO2(g) and 1 g-mole of H2O(l) at 25C and 1 atm is -1299.6 kJ.
(b)
(c)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(d)
5
 H c 1   1 2 9 9 .6 k J m o l
o
C 2 H 2 (g)  O 2 (g )  2 C O 2 (g ) + H 2 O (l) (1 )
2
1
 H c 2   2 8 5 .8 4 k J m o l
o
H 2 (g)  O 2 (g )  H 2 O (l) (2 )
2
7
 H c 3   1 5 5 9 .9 k J m o l
o
C 2 H 6 (g)  O 2 (g )  2 C O 2 (g ) + 3 H 2 O (l) (3 )
2
9.7 (a) C7H16 (g)  C6H5CH3 (g) + 4H2 (g)
Basis: 1 mol C7H16
1 mol C7H16 1 mol C6H5CH3
400C 4 mol H 2
400 C
Q (kJ/mol)
o
(b) References: C (s), (2 (g) @ 25 C
 
0 .2 4 2 7
400 
C 7 H 1 6  g , 4 0 0  C  : Hˆ 1  (  Hˆ f ) C   C p dT 
7 H 16 ( g )
  25 
 
 (  1 8 7 .8 + 9 1 .0 ) k J /m o l=  9 6 .8 k J /m o l
(c)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Q  H   n i Hˆ i   n i Hˆ i
out in
= [ ( 1 ) ( 1 1 0 .2 ) + ( 4 ) ( 1 0 .8 9 ) - ( 1 ) ( -9 6 .8 ) ] k J = 2 5 1 k J ( tr a n s f e r r e d to r e a c to r )
251 kJ
(d)  Hˆ r ( 4 0 0 C )=  2 5 1 k J /m o l
1 m o l C 7 H 1 6 re a c t
9.8 (a) (CH3)2 O (g)  CH4 (g) + H2 (g) + CO (g)

Moles charged: (Assume ideal gas)’
Let x + fraction (CH3)2O decomposed (Clearly x<1 since P f  3 P0 )
0 .0 1 2 8 6 m o l 0 .0 1 2 8 6 ( 1 – x ) m o l ( C H 3 ) 2 O
( C H 3 )2 O 0 .0 1 2 8 6 x m ol C H 4 6 0 0 °C
6 0 0 °C , 35 0 m m H g 0 .0 1 2 8 6 x m ol H 2 875 m m H g
0 .0 1 2 8 6 x m ol C O
Total moles in tank at t = 2h = 0.01286[(1-x) + 3x] = 0.01286 (1 + 2x) mol
(b) References: C  s  , H 2  g  , O 2  g  a t 2 5 C
 600  
T a b le B .2
C H 4 ( g ,6 0 0 C ) : Hˆ  (  Hˆ f ) C H      7 4 .8 5  2 9 .4 6   4 5 .3 9 k J m o l
o
2
C p dT
 25 
4
 

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(c) For the reaction of parts (a) and (b), the enthalpy change and extent of reaction are:
H  n out
Hˆ o u t  n in
Hˆ in    1 .5 5 1 5  (  1 .5 1 7 5 )  k J   0 .0 3 4 0 k J
( n C H ) o u t  ( n C H ) in 0 .7 5  0 .0 1 2 8 6
  4 4
 m o l  0 .0 0 9 6 4 5 m o l
 CH 1
4
 0 .0 3 4 0 k J
 H    Hˆ r  6 0 0  C    Hˆ r  6 0 0  C     3 .5 3 k J /m o l
0 .0 0 9 6 4 5
8 .3 1 4 J 1 kJ 873 K 1  1  1  1 
  3 .5 3 k J m o l  3
  18 .0 k J m o l
m ol  K 10 J
(d) Q    Uˆ r  6 0 0  C   ( 0 .0 0 9 6 4 5 m o l)(  1 8 .0 k J /m o l)   0 .1 7 4 k J (tra n s fe rre d fro m re a c to r)
9.9 CO (g) + H2O (v)  H2 (g) + CO2 (g),
3 3
(a) Basis: [2.5 m (STP) product gas/h][1000 mol/22.4 m (STP)] = 111.6 mol/h
C balance on reactor: ṅ1 = (0.40)(111.6 mol/h) = 44.64 mol CO/h
H balance on reactor:
Steam theoretically required:

4 4 .6 4 m o l C O 1 m ol H 2O
  4 4 .6 4 m o l H 2 O
h 1 m ol CO
% excess steam:

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Saturation of condenser outlet gas:
(b) Energy balance on condenser


References: H 2 ( g ) , C O 2 (g ) a t 2 5 C , H 2 O at reference point of steam tables
Enthalpies for CO2 and H2 from Table B.8

C O 2 ( g ,5 0 0 C ) : H 1  H C O ( 5 0 0 C )  2 1.3 4 k J / m o l
 
2
( g ,5 0 0 C ) : H 2  H
 
H 2 H
( 5 0 0 C )  1 3 .8 3 k J / m o l
2
kJ  18 kg 
H 2 O (v ,5 0 0 C ) : Hˆ 3  3 4 8 8  3   6 2 .8 6 k J m o l
kg  10 m ol 
C O 2 ( g ,1 5 C ) : Hˆ 4
 Hˆ C O (1 5 C )   0 .5 5 2 k J /m o l
2
( g ,1 5 C ) : H 5  H
 
H 2 H
( 1 5 C )   0 .4 3 2 k J / m o l
2
 4 9 .2 2  2 9 7 1 .8  k J 1 h 1 kW
Qc  H   n i Hˆ i   n i Hˆ i    0 .8 1 2 k W
h 3600 s 1 kJ s
out in
 heat tra n s fe rre d fro m c o n d e n s e r 
(c) Energy balance on reactor:

References: H 2 ( g ) , C (s), O 2 (g ) a t 2 5 C

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
T a b le B .1
C O ( g ,2 5 C ) : H 1  (  H f ) C O
 
  1 1 0 .5 2 k J / m o l
T a b le s B .1 , B .8
H 2 O (v ,1 5 0 C ) : H 2 = (  H f ) H  H H
  
(1 5 0 C )   2 3 7 .5 6 k J m o l
2 O (v ) 2O
T a b le s B .1 , B .8
H 2 O (v ,5 0 0 C ) : H 3 = (  H f ) H  H H
  
(5 0 0 C )   2 2 4 .8 2 k J m o l
2 O (v ) 2O
T a b le B .8
H 2 ( g ,5 0 0 C ) : H 4  H H ( 5 0 0 C )
 
 1 3 .8 3 k J / m o l
2
T a b le s B .1 , B .8
C O 2 ( g ,5 0 0 C ) : H 5  (  H  H C O ( 5 0 0 C )
  
f
) CO   3 7 2 .1 6 k J / m o l
2 2
  2 1 0 1 3 .8 3  (  2 0 8 3 9 .9 6 )  kJ 1 h 1 kW
Qr  H   n i Hˆ i   n i Hˆ i    0 .0 4 8 3 k W
h 3600 s 1 kJ s
out in
 heat tra n s fe rre d fro m re a c to r 
(d) Benefits
Preheating CO  more heat transferred from reactor (possibly generate additional steam for
plant)
Cooling CO  lower cooling cost in condenser.
9.10
C 6 H 5C H 3  O 2  C 6 H 5C H O  H 2 O
C 6 H 5C H 3  9O 2  7CO 2  4H 2O
Basis: 100 lb-mole of C 6 H 5C H 3 fed to reactor.
3
V p ( ft ) a t 3 7 9 ° F , 1 a tm
r e a c to r
n 1 ( lb - m o le s C 6 H 5 C H 3 )
1 0 0 lb - m o le s C 6 H 5 C H 3 Q ( B tu )
n 2 ( lb - m o le s O 2 )
n 0 ( lb - m o le s O 2 )
3 .7 6n 0 ( lb - m o le s N 2 )
3 .7 6 n 0 ( lb - m o le s N 2 )
n 3 ( lb - m o le s C 6 H 5 C H O )
3 5 0 ° F , 1 a tm ja c k e t
3 n 4 ( lb - m o le s C O 2 )
V 0 ( ft )
n 5 ( lb - m o le s H 2 O )
m w ( lb m H 2 O ( l ) ), 8 0 ° F m w ( lb m H 2 O ( l ) ), 1 0 5 ° F
Strategy:
All material and energy balances will be performed for the assumed basis of 100 lb-mole
. The calculated quantities will then be scaled to the known flow rate of water in the
C 6 H 5C H 3
product gas (23.3 lbm/4 h).

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
100% excess air:

1 0 0 lb -m o le s C 6 H 5 C H 3 1 m o le O 2 re q d  1  1  m o le O 2
fed
n0   2 0 0 lb -m o le s O 2
1 m o le C 6 H 5 C H 3 1 m o le O 2 re q d
N2 feed (& output) = 3.76(200)lb-moles N2 = 752 lb-moles N2

1 0 0 lb -m o le s C 6 H 5 C H 3 0 .1 3 m o le C 6 H 5 C H 3
re a c t 1 m o le C 6 H 5 C H O fo rm
1 3 %  C 6 H 5C H O  n3 
1 m o le C 6 H 5 C H 3 fe d 1 m o le C 6 H 5 C H 3 re a c t
=1 3 lb -m o le s C 6 H 5 C H O
C balance:
H balance: (100)(8)lb-moles H = (86.5)(8) + (13)(6) + 2n5 ⇒ n5 = 15.0 lb-moles H2O (v)

O balance: (200)(2)lb-moles O = 2n2 + (13)(1) + (3.5)(2) + (15)(1) ⇒ n2 = 182.5 lb-moles O2
Ideal gas law  inlet:
Ideal gas law – outlet:
Energy balance on reactor (excluding cooling jacket)

2 o o
References: C (s), H2 (g), O (g), N2 (g) at 25 C (77 F)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Enthalpies:
C6H5CHO (g, T): Ĥ(T) = [-17200 = 31(T – 77) F] Btu/lb-mole

o
⇒ Ĥ7 = -7.83x10 Btu/lb-mole
3
Energy Balance:
n H i  n H i   2 .3 7 6  1 0 B tu
6
Q  H  i i
out in
Energy balance on cooling jacket:
Q   2 .3 7 6  1 0
4
B tu , C p
 1.0 B tu ( lb m


F)
Scale factor:
5 3 -1 4 3
V0 = (6.218x10 ft )(0.02711 h ) = 1.69x10 ft /h (feed)
5 3 -1 4 3
VP = (6.443x10 ft )(0.02177 h ) = 1.75x 0 ft /h (product)
4 -1 4
Q = (9.504x10 Btu)(0.02177 h ) = -6.44x10 Btu/h

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
9.11 (a) C a C O 3 ( s)  C a O (s) +C O 2 ( g )
CaO(s)
900C
CaCO3(s) CO2(g)
25C 900C
Q (kJ)
1 0 .0 k m o l C a O ( s ) p r o d u c e d
1000 kg 1 m ol
B a s is : 1 0 0 0 k g C a C O 3   1 0 .0 k m o l C a C O 3  1 0 .0 k m o l C O 2 ( g ) p r o d u c e d
0 .1 0 0 k g
1 0 .0 k m o l C a C O 3 ( s ) f e d
References: Ca(s), C(s), O2(g) at 25C

n in Hˆ in nout Hˆ o u t
S u b s ta n c e (m o l) (k J /m o l) (m o l) (k J /m o l)
Hˆ 1
4
C aC O 3 10  
Hˆ 2
4
C aO   10
Hˆ 3
4
CO 2   10
Energy balance:
(b) Basis : 1000 kg CaCO3 fed  10.0 kmol CaCO3
C a C O 3 ( s )  C a O (s ) + C O 2 ( g )
2CO + O 2  2CO 2
10 kmol CaCO3
25 oC Product gas at 900 oC

200 kmol at 900oC n2 (kmol CO2 )
0.75 N2 n3 (kmol N2 )
0.020 O2 n4 (kmol CO)
0.090 CO
0.14 CO2
n1 [kmol CaO(s)]
1 0 k m o l C a C O 3 re a c t  n 1  1 0 .0 k m o l C a O

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
1 0 .0 k m o l C a C O 3 re a c t 1 km ol C O 2 4 k m o l O 2 re a c t 2 km ol C O 2
n 2  ( 0 .1 4 )( 2 0 0 )    46 km ol C O 2
1 km ol O 2 1 km ol O 2
n 3  ( 0 .7 5 )( 2 0 0 )  1 5 0 k m o l N 2
C b a la n c e : (1 0 .0 )(1 ) + (2 0 0 )(0 .0 9 )(1 ) + (2 0 0 )(0 .1 4 )(1 ) = 4 6 (1 ) + n 4 ( 1)  n 4  1 0 .0 k m o l C O

References: C a (s), C (s), O 2 ( g ), N 2 ( g ) a t 2 5 C
S u b s ta n c e (m o l) (k J /m o l) (m o l) (k J /m o l)
C aC O 3 1 0 .0 Hˆ 1  
C aO   10  5 8 7 .0 6
CO 2 28  3 5 0 .5 6 46  3 5 0 .5 6
CO 18 Hˆ 2 10 Hˆ 2
O2 4 .0 Hˆ 3  
N 2
150 Hˆ 4 150 Hˆ 4
T a b le B .1

C a C O 3 (s , 2 5 C ) : Hˆ 1  (  Hˆ f ) C a C O
o o
(s)
  1 2 0 6 .9 k J /m o l
3
T a b le B .1 ,
T a b le B .8

C O (g , 9 0 0 C ) : Hˆ 2  (  Hˆ f ) C O ( g )  Hˆ C O (9 0 0 C )
o o o
 (  1 1 0 .5 2  2 7 .4 9 ) k J /m o l   8 3 .0 3 k J /m o l
T a b le B .8

O 2 (g , 9 0 0 C ) : Hˆ 3  Hˆ O (9 0 0 C )
o o
 2 8 .8 9 k J /m o l
2
T a b le B .8

N 2 (g , 9 0 0 C ) : Hˆ 4  Hˆ N (9 0 0 C )
o o
 2 7 .1 9 k J /m o l
2
6 6
2 .7  1 0  0 .4 4  1 0
% r e d u c tio n in h e a t r e q u ir e m e n t   1 0 0  8 3 .8 %
6
2 .7  1 0
(c) The hot combustion gases raise the temperature of the limestone, so that less heat from the
outside is needed to do so. Additional thermal energy is provided by the combustion of CO.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
9.12 (a)
m ol A consum ed x AO  n A
Fractional conversion: f A    n A  x A O (1  f A )
m o l A fe e d x AO
x A0
(m o l A fe d ) f A
(m o l A c o n s u m e d ) Y C (m o l C g e n e ra te d )
C g e n e ra te d : n 0 
m o l A fe d m ol A consum ed
 nC  x AO
f A YC
D g e n e ra te d : n D = 0 .5  m o l C c o n s u m e d = (1 2 )  (m o l A c o n s u m e d  m o l C o u t)
 n D  ( 1 2 )( x A O f A
 nC )
B a la n c e o n B: m o l B o u t = m o l B in  m o l B c o n s u m e d in (1 ) + m o l B g e n e ra te d in ( 2 )
= m o l B in  m o l A c o n s u m e d in (1 ) + m o l D g e n e ra te d in (2 )
 n B  x BO  x AO
f A
 nD
B a la n c e o n I: m o l I o u t = m o l I in  n I  x IO

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b)
o
(c) For T f = 1 2 5 C , Q = 7 .9 0 k J . Raising Tp, lowering fA, and raising YC all increase Q.
9.13 (a) C H 4 ( g )  O 2 ( g )  H C H O (g ) + H 2 O (g )
10 L, 200 kPa n3 (mol HCHO)
n0 (mol feed gas) at 25C n4 (mol H2O)
0.851 mol CH4/mol n5 (mol CH4)
0.15 mol O2 /mol T (C), P(kPa), 10L

Q (kJ)
3 3
200 kPa 1000 Pa 10 L 10 m 1 m ol K
B a s is : n 0 
3
1 kPa 1 L 8 .3 1 4 m Pa 298 K
 0 .8 0 7 2 m o l f e e d g a s m ix tu r e
0 .8 0 7 2 m o l fe e d g a s m ix tu re  (0 .8 5 )(0 .8 0 7 2 ) = 0 .6 8 6 1 m o l C H 4 ,
 (0 .1 5 )(0 .8 0 7 2 ) = 0 .1 2 1 1 m o l O 2
1 m ol C H 4
0 .1 2 1 1 m o l O 2
fe d
CH 4
consum ed :  0 .1 2 1 1 m o l C H 4
1 m ol O 2
fe d
 n 5  ( 0 .6 8 6 1  0 .1 2 1 1 ) m o l C H 4
 0 .5 6 5 0 m o l C H 4
1 m ol H C H O 0 .1 2 1 1 m o l C H 4 c o n su m e d
H C H O p ro d u c e d : n 3   0 .1 2 1 1 m o l H C H O
1 m o l C H 4 c o n su m e d

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
1 m ol H 2O 0 .1 2 1 1 m o l C H 4 co n su m ed
H 2 O p ro d u c e d : n 4   0 .1 2 1 1 m o l H 2 O
1 m ol C H 4 co n su m ed
( n O ) o u t  ( n O ) in 0  0 .1 2 1 1
E x te n t o f r e a c tio n :  
2 2
  0 .1 2 1 1 m o l
 O2
1
o
R e fe re n c e s : C H 4 ( g ) , O 2 ( g ), H C H O (g ), H 2 O (g ), a t 2 5 C
n in U in n out U o u t
S u b s ta n c e
m ol kJ m ol m ol kJ m ol
CH 4 0 .6 8 6 1 0 0 .5 6 5 0 U 1
O 2 0 .1 2 1 1 0  
HCHO   0 .1 2 1 1 U 2
H 2O   0 .1 2 1 1 U 3
100 J 85 s 1 kJ
Q   8 .5 k J
s 1000 J
 U   H     i)
o o
r r
 RT ( i

gaseous gaseous
p r o d u c ts r e a c ta n ts
8 .3 1 4 J 298 K ( 1 + 1  1  1) 1 kJ
  2 8 2 .8 8 k J / m o l  3
  2 8 2 .8 8 k J / m o l
m ol K 10 J
E n e rg y B a la n c e :
Q    U r   ( U i ) o u t   ( U i ) in
o
(ni ) out (ni ) in
 (0 .1 2 1 1 ) (  2 8 2 .8 8 k J / m o l) + 0 .5 6 5 0 U 1  0 .1 2 1 1 U 2  0 .1 2 1 1 U 3
S u b s titu te fo r U 1 th ro u g h U 3 a n d Q
5 2 8 3 12 4
0  0 .0 2 0 8 8 T  1.8 4 5  1 0 T  0 .0 9 9 6 3  1 0 T  1.9 2 6  1 0 T  4 3 .2 9 k J / m o l
o
S o lv e fo r T u s in g E - Z S o lv e  T  1 0 9 1 C  1 3 6 4 K
3
0 .8 0 7 2 m o l 8 .3 1 4 m  Pa 1364 K 1 L 3
 P  nRT / V   915  10 Pa  915 kPa
3 3
m ol  K 10 L 10 m
(b) Add heat to raise the reactants to a temperature at which the reaction rate is significant.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(c)
S id e re a c tio n : C H 4
 2O 2
 CO 2
 2 H 2 O . T w o u ld h a v e b e e n h ig h e r (m o re n e g a tiv e h e a t o f
re a c tio n fo r c o m b u s tio n o f m e th a n e ), v o lu m e a n d to ta l m o le s w o u ld b e th e s a m e , th e re fo re
P  n R T / V w o u ld b e g re a te r .
9.14 (a) B a s is : 2 m o l C 2 H 4 fe d to re a c to r
n 6 (m ol C O 2 )
Qr ( k J ) n 7 (m ol H 2 O (l ))
2 5 °C
h e at
se p aration
re a ctor
n 1 (m ol C 2 H 4) 2 m ol C 2 H4 n 3 (m ol C 2 H 4) p roce ss n 5 ( m o l C 2 H 4 O (g ) )
n 2 (m ol O 2 ) 1 m ol O2 n 4 (m ol O 2 ) 2 5 °C
2 5 °C 4 5 0 °C n 5 (m ol C 2 H 4O )
n 6 (m ol C O 2 )
n 7 (m ol H 2 O )
n 3 (m ol C 2 H 4) 4 5 0 °C
n 4 (m ol O 2 )
25% conversion  0 .5 0 0 m o l C 2 H 4 c o n s u m e d  n 3  1.5 0 m o l C 2 H 4
0 .5 0 0 m o l C 2 H 4 co n su m ed 0 .7 0 0 m o l C 2 H 4 O
70% yield  n5   0 .3 5 0 m o l C 2 H 4 O
1 m ol C 2 H 4
C balance on reactor: (2)(2) = (2)(1.50) + (2)(0.350) = n6 ⇒ n6 = 0.300 mol CO2
0 .3 0 0 m o l C O 2 1 m ol H 2 O
Water formed: n7   0 .3 0 0 m o l H 2 O
1 m ol C O 2
O balance on reactor: (2)(1) = 2n4 + 0.350 + (2)(0.300) + 0.300 ⇒ n4 = 0.375 mol O2
Overall C balance: 2n1 = n6 + 2n5 = 0.300 + (2)(0.350) ⇒ n1 = 0.500 mol C2H4
Overall O balance: 2n2 = 2n6 + n7 + n5 = (2)(0.300) + (0.300) + (0.350) ⇒ n2 = 0.625 mol O2
F e e d s tre a m : 4 4 .4 % C 2 H 4 , 5 5 .6 % O 2 R e a c to r in le t: 6 6 .7 % C 2 H 4 , 3 3 .3 % O 2
R e c y c le s tre a m : 8 0 .0 % C 2 H 4 , 2 0 .0 % O 2
R e a c to r o u tle t: 5 3 .1 % C 2 H 4 , 1 3 .3 % O 2 , 1 2 .4 % C 2 H 4 O , 1 0 .6 % C O 2 , 1 0 .6 % H 2 O
0 .3 5 0 m o l C 2 H 4 O 4 4 .0 5 g 1 kg
Mass of ethylene oxide:  3
 0 .0 1 5 4 k g
1 m ol 10 g

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
o
(b) References for enthalpy calculations: C (s), H2 (g), O2 (g) at 25 C
Energy balance on process: Q  H   n i H i   n i H i   2 4 8 k J

out in
(c)
S c a le to 1 5 0 0 k g C 2 H 4 O day :
4 4 .0 5 k g
C2H 4 O p r o d u c ti o n f o r in itia l b a s i s  ( 0 .3 5 0 m o l) ( )  0 .0 1 5 4 2 k g C 2 H 4 O
3
10 m ol
1500 kg day 4 1
 S c a le f a c t o r   9 .7 3  1 0 day
0 .0 1 5 4 2 k g
-3 4 -1
Fresh feed rate = (34.025x10 kg)(9.73x10 day ) = 3310 kg/day (44.4% C2H4, 55.6% O2
9.15 (a)
1 2 0 0 lb m C 9 H 1 2 1 lb - m o le
Basis:  1 0 .0 lb - m o le s c u m e n e p ro d u c e d h
h 1 2 0 lb m
Overall process:

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
n 1 ( lb - m o le s /h ) n 3 ( lb - m o le s C 3 H 6 /h )
0 .7 5 C 3H 6 n 4 ( lb - m o le s C 4 H1 0 /h )
0 .2 5 C 4H 10
n 2 ( lb - m o le s C 6 H 6 /h ) 1 0 .0 lb -m o le s C9 H1 2 /h
Reactor:
16.67 lb-moles/h @ 77oF
0.75 C3H6 10.0 lb-moles C9H12/h 46.7 lb-moles/h

0.25 C4H10 2.50 lb-moles C3H6/h 21.4% C9H12
4.17 lb-moles C4H10/h 5.4% C3H6
40.0 lb-moles C6H6/h 30.0 lb-moles C6H6/h 8.9% C4H10
400oF 64.3% C6H6
Overhead from T1

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b) Heat exchanger:
R e a c t o r e ffl u e n t a t 4 0 0 °F 2 0 0 °F
1 0 .0 l b -m o l e s C 9 H 1 2 / h
2 .5 0 l b -m o l e s C 3 H 6 / h
4 .1 7 l b -m o l e s C 4 H 1 0 / h
3 0 .0 l b -m o l e s C 6 H 6 / h
4 0 .0 l b -m o l e s C 6H 6 / h T (°F )
7 7 °F
Energy balance:
(Refer to flow chart of Part b: T  323 F )
References: C3H6(l), C4H10 (l), C6H6 (l), C9H12 (l) at 770C
n in H in
n o u t H o u t
S u b s ta n c e
( lb - m o le / h ) ( B tu / lb - m o le ) ( lb - m o le / h ) ( B tu / lb - m o le )
C 3H 6 1 2 .0 0 2 .5 0 7750
C 4 H 10 4 .1 7 0 4 .1 7 10330
C 6H 6 4 0 .0 8650 3 0 .0 11350
C 9 H 12   1 0 .0 15530
Energy balance on reactor:
 H r
o
n C
 
9 H 12
Q  H   n i H i  n i H i
vC
9 H 12 out in

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
1
9.16 (a) C H 3O H  H C H O  H 2 , H2  O 2  H 2O
2
CH OH
3
O 2, N 2
reactor H2
n f (mol/h) at 145°C, 1 atm product gas, 600°C product gas
0.42 mol CH OH/mol
3 n 1 (mol CH OH/h)
3 145°C separation
0.58 mol air/mol n 2 (mol O /h)
2 waste units
0.21 mol O /mol
2 air reactor n 3 (mol N /h)
2 heat
0.79 mol N /mol
2 air n 4 (mol HCHO/h) boiler
0.37 kg HCHO/h
n 5 (mol H /h)
2
0.63 kg H O/h
2
n s mol H O(
2 )/h
v n 6 (mol H O/h)
2
saturated at 145°C m b (kg H O(
2 )/h)
v m b (kg H O(
2 )/h)
v
30°C sat'd at 3.1 bars
(b) In the absence of data to the contrary, we assume that the separation of methanol from
formaldehyde is complete.
Methanol vaporizer:
The product stream, which contains 42 mole % CH3OH (v), is saturated at Tm (°C) and 1 atm.
A n to in e e q u a tio n  
      p m  3 1 9 .2 m m H g  T m  4 4 .1 C
(c) Moles HCHO formed:
6
36  10 k g s o lu tio n 0 .3 7 k g H C H O 1 km ol 1 day km ol H C H O
  5 2 .8 0
350 days 1 k g s o lu tio n 3 0 .0 3 k g H C H O 24 h h
but if all the HCHO is recovered, then this equals n 4 , or n 4  5 2 .8 0 k m o l H C H O h
70% conversion:
5 2 .8 0 k m o l H C H O 1 k m o l C H 3 O H re a c t 1 k m o l C H 3 O H fe d 1 k m o l fe e d g a s
 n f
h 1 k m o l H C H O fo rm e d 0 .7 0 k m o l C H 3 O H re a c t 0 .4 2 k m o l C H 3 O H
 n f  1 7 9 .5 9 k m o l h
Methanol unreacted:

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Four reactor stream variables remain unknown — n s , n 2 , n 5 , and n 6 — and four relations are
available — H and O balances, the given H 2
content of the product gas (5%), and the energy
balance. The solution is tedious but straightforward.
H balance:
 n s  n 5  n 6  5 2 .8 0 (1)
O balance:
 n s  2 n 2  n 6  4 3 .7 5 (2)
n 5
H 2 c o n te n t:  0 .0 5  1 9 n 5  n 2  n 6  1 5 7 .7 2 (3)
2 2 .6 3  n 2  8 2 .2 9  5 2 .8 9  n 5  n 6
References: C (s), H2 (g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25oC
or Table B.8 for O2, N 2 and H 2
n in H in
n o u t H out
s u b s ta n c e
km ol / h kJ / km ol km ol / h kJ / km ol
CH 3OH 7 5 .4 3 195220 2 2 .6 3 163200
O 2 2 1.8 8 3620 n2 18410

N 2 8 2 .2 9 3510 8 2 .2 9 17390
H 2 O ns 237740 n6 220920
HCHO   5 2 .8 0 88800
H 2   n5 16810
Energy Balance
 n H   n H
6
H  i i i i  0  1 8 4 1 0 n 2  1 6 8 1 0 n 5  2 2 0 9 2 0 n 6  2 3 7 7 0 4 n s   7 .4 0 6  1 0 (4)
out in
We now have four equations in four unknowns. Solve using E-Z Solve.
n 2  2 .2 6 k m o l O 2 h , n 5  1 3 .5 8 k m o l H 2 h , n 6  9 8 .0 0 k m o l H 2 O h
Summarizing, the product gas component flow rates are 22.63 kmol CH 3OH/h, 2.26 kmol O2/h, 82.29 kmol
N2/h, 52.80 kmol HCHO/h, 13.58 kmol H2/h, and 98.02 kmol H2O/h
2 7 2 k m o l h p ro d u c t g a s

8 % C H 3 O H , 0 .8 % O 2 , 30% N 2 , 19% H C H O , 5% H 2 , 37% H 2 O

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(d) Energy balance on waste heat boiler. Since we have already calculated specific enthalpies of all
components of the product gas at the boiler inlet (at 600C), and for all but two of them at the
boiler outlet (at 145C), we will use the same reference states for the boiler calculation.
Reference States: C (s), H2 (g), O2 (g), N2(g) at 25oC for reactor gas
H2O (l) at triple point for boiler water
n in Hˆ i n nout Hˆ out
S u b s ta n c e
k m o l/ h k J /k m o l m ol k J /m o l
C H 3O H 2 2 .6 3 163200 2 2 .6 3 195220
O 2
2 .2 6 18410 2 .2 6 3620
N 2
8 2 .2 9 17390 8 2 .2 9 3510
H 2O 9 8 .0 2 220920 9 8 .0 2 237730
HCHO 5 2 .8 0 88800 5 2 .8 0 111350
H 2
1 3 .5 8 16810 1 3 .5 8 3550
H 2O mb 1 2 5 .7 mb 2 7 2 6 .1
( k g /h ) (k J /k g ) (k g /h ) ( k J /k g )
9.17 Basis:
3497 mol/h n 1 (mol CH OH

3 /h)
0.333 mol CO/mol n 2 (mol CO/h)
0.667 mol H /mol
2 n 3 (mol H /h)
2
25°C, 5 at m 127°C, 5 at m
Q = –17.05 kW
Let f  fractional conversion of CO (which also equals the fractional conversion of H2, since CO
and H2 are fed in stoichiometric proportion).
 3497  0 . 333  mol CO feed f  mol react 

CO reacted:   1166 f  mol CO react 
mol feed
1 1 6 6 f m o l C O re a c t 1 m ol C H 3O H
C H 3 O H p ro d u c e d : n 1   1166 f m ol C H 3O H h
1 m ol C O
CO remaining:

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Reference states: CO(g), H2 (g), CH3OH (g) at 25C
 

Q   H    H n i H i  n i H i
o
Energy balance: r 
out in
9.18 (a) CH4 (g), 4S (g), → CS2 (g) + 2H2S (g), ∆ Ĥr (700°C) = -274 kJ/mol
1 m o l at 7 00 °C P ro d u c t g a s a t 8 0 0 ° C
R e a c to r
0 .2 0 m o l C H /m o l n 1 (m o l C S 2 )
4
0 .8 0 m o l S /m o l n 2 (m o l H 2 S )
n 3 (m o l C H 4 )
Q = –41 kJ
n 4 (m o l S (v ))
Let f  fractional conversion of CH 4 (which also equals fractional conversion of S, since the
species are fed in stoichiometric proportion).

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
References: CH4 (g), S (g), CS2 (g), H2S (g) at 700C (temperature at which  H r is known)
H out  C pi  800  700  

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b)
0 .0 4 m o l C H 4
0 .1 6 m o l S ( l )
0 .1 6 m o l C S 2
0 .3 2 m o l H 2 S Q (k J)
2 0 0 C
p r e h e a te r
0 .2 0 m o l C H 4 0 .2 0 m o l C H 4 0 .2 0 m o l C H 4
0 .8 0 m o l S ( l ) 0 .8 0 m o l S ( g ) 0 .8 0 m o l S ( l )
1 5 0 °C T (°C ) 7 0 0 °C
0 .0 4 m o l C H 4
0 .1 6 m o l S ( g )
0 .1 6 m o l C S 2
0 .3 2 m o l H 2 S
8 0 0 °C
System: Heat exchanger-preheater combination. Assume the heat exchanger is adiabatic, so that
the only heat transferred to the system from its surroundings is Q for the preheater.
(c)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
The energy economy might be improved by insulating the reactor better. The reactor effluent
will emerge at a higher temperature and transfer more heat to the fresh feed in the first
preheater, lowering (and possibly eliminating) the heat requirement in the second preheater.
9.19 B a s is : 1 m o l C 2 H 6 fe d to re a c to r
1 m ol C H
2 6 n ( m o ls ) @ T ( K ) , P at m
1 2 7 3 K , P at m nC 2 H6
( m o l C 2H 6)
nC 2 H4
( m o l C 2H 4)
nH2 ( m o l H 2)
xC H xH
6
 C2H  H ,Kp  P  7 .2 8  1 0 e x p [  1 7 , 0 0 0 / T ( K )]
2 4 2
(a) C2H 6 4 2
(1)
xC
2H 6
(b)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(c)
(d)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(e)
C **PROGRAM FOR PROBLEM 9-35
WRITE (5, 1)
1 FORMAT ('1', 20X, 'SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 9-35'//)
T  1200.0
TLAST  0.0
PSIL  0.0
C **DECREMENT BY 50 DEG. AND LOOK FOR A SIGN IN PSI

DO 10I 1, 20
CALL PSICAL (T, PHI, PSI)
IF ((PSIL*PSI).LT.0.0) GO TO 40
TLAST  T
PSIL  PSI
T  T – 50.
10 CONTINUE
40 IF (T.GE.0.0) GO TO 45
WRITE (3, 2)
2 FORMAT (1X, 'T LESS THAN ZERO -- ERROR')

STOP
C **APPLY REGULA-FALSI
45 DO 50 I  1, 20
IF (I.NE.1) T2L  T2
T2  (T*PSIL-TLAST*PSI)/(PSIL-PSI)
IF (ABS(T2-T2L).LT.0.01) GO TO 99
CALL PSICAL (T2, PHIT, PSIT)
IF (PSIT.EQ.0) GO TO 99
IF ((PBIT*PBIL).GT.0.0) PSIL  PSIT
IF ((PSIT*PSIL).GT.0.0) TLAST  T2
IF ((PSIT*PSI).GT.0.0) PSI  PSIT
IF ((PSIT*PSI).GT.0.0) T  T2
50 CONTINUE
IF (I.EQ.20) WRITE (3, 3)
3 FORMAT ('0', 'REGULA-FALSI DID NOT CONVERGE IN 20 ITERATIONS')
93 STOP
END

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
SUBROUTINE PSICAL (T, PHI, PSI)

REAL KF
PHI  (3052  36.2*T  36.2*T  0.05943*T**2)/(127240. – 11.35*T
– 0.0636*T**2)
*
KP  7.28E6*EXP(-17000./T)
FBI  SQRT((KP/(1.  KP)) – 1./12.  PHI)
WRITE (3, 1) T, PSI
FORMAT (6X, 'T ', F6.2, 4X, 'PSI ', E11,4)
1 RETURN
END
OUTPUT: SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 9-35
T  1 2 0 0 .0 0 P S I  0 .8 2 2 6 E  0 0
T  1 1 5 0 .0 0 P S I  0 .7 0 4 8 E  0 0
T  1 1 0 0 .0 0 P S I  0 .5 5 5 1 E  0 0
T  1 0 5 0 .0 0 P S I  0 .3 6 9 6 E  0 0
T  1 0 0 0 .0 0 P S I  0 .1 6 1 9 E  0 0
T  9 5 0 .0 0 P S I   0 .3 9 5 0 E  0 1
T  9 5 9 .8 0 P S I   0 .1 8 2 4 E  0 2
T  9 6 0 .2 5 P S I   0 .7 6 7 1 E  0 4
T  9 6 0 .2 7 P S I   0 .3 2 7 8 E  0 5
Solution: T  9 6 0 .3 K , f  0 .3 6 0 m o l C 2 H 6 re a c te d m o l fe d
9.20
2CH 4  C2H 2  3H 2
C2H 2  2 C (s ) + H 2
Basis: 10 mol CH4 (g) fed/s
1 0 .0 m o l C H 4 ( g ) /s n 1
(m o l C H 4
/ s)
o
1500 C n 2 (m o l C 2 H 2 / s )
n 3 (m o l H 2 / s )
n 4 (m o l C (s )/s )
o
1500 C
975 kW
(a)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
2 .5 0 m o l C 2 H 2 s
Yield of acetylene   0 .4 1 7 m o l C 2 H 2 m ol C H 4 co n su m ed
6 .0 0 m o l C H 4 co n su m ed s
(b)
If no side reaction,
n 1  1 0 .0 ( 1  0 .6 0 0 )  4 .0 0 m o l C H 4 /s
n 3  0  n 2  3 .0 0 m o l C 2 H 2 / s , n 4  9 .0 0 m o l H 2 /s
3 .0 0 m o l C 2 H 2 s
Yield of acetylene   0 .5 0 0 m o l C 2 H 2 m ol C H 4 co n su m ed
6 .0 0 m o l C H 4 co n su m ed s
0 .4 1 7
Reactor Efficiency   0 .8 3 4
0 .5 0 0
9.21
B a sis : 1 m o l C 3 H 8 fe d
H e a t in g ga s
4 .9 4 m 3 a t 1 4 0 0 ° C , 1 a t m n g
( m o l) , 9 0 0 ° C
n g ( m o l)
P r o d u c t ga s , 8 0 0 ° C
a
1 m o l C H (g ) n 1
(m o l C H ) = 0
3 8 3 8
6 m ol H O ( g ) n 2
(m o l H O )
2 2
125°C n 3
(m o l C O )
n 4
(m o l C O )
2
n 5
(m o l H )
2

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
3 3
4 .9 4 m 10 L 273 K 1 m ol
ng   3 5 .9 9 m o l h e a tin g g a s
3
1 m 1673 K 2 2 .4 L
Let  1 and  2 be the extents of the two reactions.

n1  0
n1  1   1   1  1 m ol n4   2
 1 1 1 1
n 2  6  3 1   2  n2  3   2 n5  7 1   2  n5  7   2
 1 1
n 3  3 1   2  n3  3   2
o
References: C (s), H2 (g), O2 (g) at 25 C
n in H in
n out H out
S u b s ta n c e
m ol kJ / m ol m ol kJ / m ol
C 3H 8 1  9 5 .3 9 0 
H 2 O 6  2 3 8 .4 3 3 2  2 1 2 .7 8
CO   3 2  8 6 .3 9
CO 2    2  3 5 6 .1 5
H 2   7  2 2 2 .8 5
h e a tin g g a s 3 5 .9 9 2 0 0 .0 0 3 5 .9 9 0
Energy Balance:
 n i H i   n i H i  0   2  2 .0 0 m o l  n 2  1 m o l H 2 O , n 3  1 m o l C O ,
out in
n 4  1 m ol C O 2 , n5  9 m ol H 2  7 .7 m o l % H 2 O , 7 .7 % C O , 1 5 .4 % C O 2 , 6 9 .2 % H 2
9.22
6 5 1 m ol 5
 M o le s o f H 2 O  ( 3 .1 9 2  1 0  2 .9 4 1  1 0 ) g H 2 O ( )  1.6 1  1 0 m ol H 2 O
1 8 .0 2 g

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
6
H  (3000 m ol H 2 SO 4 )(-8 8 4 .7 k J / m o l H 2 S O 4 ) = -2 .6 5  1 0 kJ
9.23 (a)
3 3 3
8 5 0 0 k to n n e C l 2 10 to n n e 10 kg 10 g 1 m ol C l 2 2 2 2 .4 4 k J
(b)
yr 1 k to n n e 1 to n n e 1 kg 7 0 .9 1 g C l 2 0 .5 m o l C l 2
3 7
10 J 2 .7 7 8  1 0 kW  h 1 MW h 7
 1. 4 8  1 0 M W  h / yr
3
1 kJ 1 J 10 kW  h
9.24 (a)
(b)
9.25 (a)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b)
o
(c) The enthalpy change when 1 kg of the natural gas at 25 C is burned completely with oxygen at
o o
25 C and the products CO2(g) and H2O(v) are brought back to 25 C.
9.26

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
9.27 (a)
 U c
o
(b) The reaction for which we determined is
1 lb m o il + a O 2 ( g )  b C O 2 ( g ) + c H 2 O (v ) (1 )
The higher heating value is  H r for the reaction

1 lb m oil + a O 2 ( g)  b C O 2 ( g) + c H 2 O (l) (2)
Eq. (9.1-5) on p. 441   H c 1   U c 1  R T ( b  c  a )

o o
Eq. (9.6-1) on p. 462    H c 2    H c 1  c  H v ( H 2 O , 7 7 F )

o o 
(HHV ) ( LH V )
To calculate the higher heating value, we therefore need

a  lb - m o le s o f O 2 th a t r e a c t w ith 1 l b m f u e l o il
b  lb - m o le s o f C O 2 f o r m e d w h e n 1 lb m f u e l o il is b u r n e d
c  lb - m o le s o f H 2 O f o r m e d w h e n 1 lb m f u e l o il is b u r n e d
9.28 (a)
( 4 .4 8 2  1.5 ) m o l O 2
% excess air   1 0 0 %  2 0 0 % e x c e s s a ir
1.5 m o l O 2

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(An atomic O balance  9 .9 6 m o l O  9 .9 6 m o l O , so that the results are consistent.)
(b) Energy balance on vaporizer:
Extent of reaction: ( n C H 3 O H ) o u t  ( n C H 3 O H ) in   C H 3 O H   0  1 m o l      1 m o l
Energy balance on reactor: Q 2    H co  n i H i  n i H i

out in
7
9.29 CH 4  2O 2  CO 2  2 H 2O , C 2H 6  O 2  2 CO 2  3H 2O
2
Basis: 100 mol stack gas. Assume ideal gas behavior.
n 1 ( m o l C H4 )
n2 ( m o l C 2 H6 )
3
V f ( m a t 2 5 ° C , 1 a tm ) 1 0 0 m o l a t 8 0 0 ° C , 1 a tm
0 .0 5 3 2 m o l C O 2 / m o l
n3 ( m o l O2 ) 0 .0 1 6 0 m o l C O / m o l
3 .7 6 n 3 ( m o l N 2 ) 0 .0 7 3 2 m o l O 2 / m o l
2 0 0 ° C , 1 a tm 0 .1 2 2 4 m o l H 2 O /m o l
0 .7 3 5 2 m o l N 2 / m o l

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(a)
3 .7 2 m o l C H 4 2 m ol O 2 1 .6 0 m o l C 2 H 6 3 .5 m o l O 2
T h e o re tic a l O 2    1 3 .0 4 m o l O 2
1 m ol C H 4 1 m ol C 2 H 6
(b)
Energy balance:
2764 kJ
 n i H i   n i H i 
4 3
Q  H    2 .1 3  1 0 kJ m fu e l
3
out in
0 .1 3 0 m fu e l

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
9.30
50,000 lb coal/h
m St ack gas at 600°F, 1 atm (assume)
3039 lb-moles C/h n 2 (lb-moles CO /h)2
2327 lb-moles H/h n 3 (lb-moles H O/h)
2
57.7 lb-moles S/h n 4 (lb-moles SO /h)2
189 lb-moles H O/h2 n 5 (lb-moles O /h)2
5900 lb ash/h
m n 6 (lb-moles N /h)2
77°F, 1 at m (assume) m 7 (lb mfly ash/h)
n 1 (lb-moles air/h) m 8 (lb mslag/h) at 600°F

0.210 O 2 0.287 lb C/lb
m m
0.790 N 2 0.016 lb S/lb
m m
77°F, 1 at m (assume) 0.697 lb ash/lb
m m
(a) Feed rate of air:
1 .5  3 0 3 9 lb - m o le s O 2 fe d 1 m o le a ir
Air fed: n 1   2 1 7 1 0 lb - m o le s a ir h
h 0 .2 1 0 m o le O 2
M CO 2  4 4 .0 1
5
 n 2  2 9 7 8 lb - m o le s C O 2 h 1.3 1  1 0 lb m CO 2 h
M H 2O  1 8 .0 2
4
 n 3  1 3 5 2 .5 lb - m o le s H 2O h 2 .4 4  1 0 lb m H 2 O h
M SO 2  6 4 .2
 n 4  5 6 .4 lb - m o le s S O 2 h 3 6 2 0 lb m SO 2 h

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Summary of component mass flow rates
(b) References: Coal components, air at 77F   n i H i  0

in
(c)
 Q
4
1 . 62  10 Btu lb
 
4
m
 0 . 901
HHV 1 . 80  10 Btu lb m
Some of the heat of combustion goes to vaporize water and heat the stack gas.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
9.31 (a) B a sis: 4 5 0 k m o l C H 4 fe d h CH 4  2 O 2  CO 2  2 H 2O
450 km ol C H 2 km ol O re q ' d 1 .2 k m o l O fe d 1 k m o l a ir
A ir f e d : n a  4 2 2
h 1 km ol C H 4 1 km ol O 2 re q ' d 0 .2 1 k m o l O 2
 5 1 4 3 k m o l a ir h
450 km ol / h C H 4 re a c t  n 1  4 5 0 k m o l C O 2 h , n 2  9 0 0 k m o l H 2 O h
Energy balance on furnace (combustion side only)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Extent of reaction:   n C H 4  4 5 0 k m o l / h
H  n 2 (  H v )
o
p o  n s ta c k gas (C p ) s ta c k gas ( T s ta c k gas  25 C )
H 2 O (2 5 C )
3 3 o
180 km ol H 2 O 10 m ol 4 4 .0 1 k J 5590 km ol 10 m ol 0 .0 3 1 5 k J (3 0 0 - 2 5 ) C
=  o
h 1 km ol m ol h 1 km ol m ol  C
7
= 5 .6 3  1 0 kJ / h
(b)
n a ( m o l a ir /h ) a t T a (° C )
S t a c k ga s
n 1
( m ol C O 2
/h ) n 1
( m ol C O /h )
2
a ir
45 km ol C H 4 /h n 2
( m ol H O
2
/h ) n 2
( m ol H O
2
/h )
fu rn ace
25°C n 3
( m ol O 2
/h ) n 3
( m ol O 2
/h )
p reh eat er
n 4
( m ol N 2
/h ) n 4
( m ol N 2
/h )
300°C 150°C
m w ( k g H 2O /h )
m w ( k g H 2O /h )
L iq u id , 2 5 ° C
v ap o r, 1 7 b ars
n a
( m o l a ir /h ) a t 2 5 ° C
250°C
0 .2 1 O 2
0 .7 9 N 2
E.B. on overall process: The material balances and the energy balance are identical to those of part (a),
except that the stack gas exits at 150oC instead of 300oC.
n in H in n o u t H out
S u b s ta n c e
(k m o l / h ) ( k J / k m o l) (k J / h )
CH 4 450 0 
A ir 5143 0 
S ta c k g a s   H p
H 2 O m w ( k g / h ) 105 kJ / kg m w ( k g / h ) 2914 kJ / kg

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
H  n 2 (  H v )
o
p o  n s ta c k gas (C p ) s ta c k gas ( T s ta c k gas  25 C )
H 2 O (2 5 C )
3 3 o
180 km ol H 2 O 10 m ol 4 4 .0 1 k J 5590 km ol 10 m ol 0 .0 3 1 5 k J (1 5 0 - 2 5 ) C
=  o
h 1 km ol m ol h 1 km ol m ol  C
7
= 2 .9 9  1 0 kJ / h
(c) The energy balance on the furnace includes the term   n in H in . If the air is preheated and
the stack gas temperature remains the same, this term and hence Q become more negative,
meaning that more heat is transferred to the boiler water and more steam is produced. The
stack gas is a logical heating medium since it is available at a high temperature and costs nothing.
1
,  H c   2 8 2 .9 9 k J m o l
o
9.32 Basis: 1 mol CO burned. CO  O 2  CO 2
2
1 m ol C O 1 m ol C O2
n 0 m o l O2 ( n 0 – 0 .5 ) m o l O 2
3 .7 6 n 0 m o l N 2 3 .7 6 n 0 m o l N 2
25°C 1400°C
(a)

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
1.0 9 4 m o l fe d  0 .5 0 0 m o l re q d .
Excess oxygen:  1 0 0 %  1 1 9 % e x c e ss o x y g e n
0 .5 0 0 m o l
(b) Increase %XS air  Ta d would decrease, since the heat liberated by combustion would go into
heating a larger quantity of gas (i.e., the additional N 2 and unconsumed O 2 ).
9.33 (a) Basis : 1 mol C5H12 (l)
 H c   3 5 0 9 .5 k J / m o l
o
C 5 H 1 2 (l)  8 O 2 (g )  5 C O 2 (g )  6 H 2 O (v ),
1 mol C5H12 (l) n2(mol CO2)

n3 (mol H2O (v))
n4 (mol O2)
n0 (mol O2) , 75C Tad(oC)
30% excess
1 m o l C 5 H 12 8 m ol O 2
T h e o re tic a l o x y g e n   8 m ol O 2
1 m o l C 5 H 12
3 0 % e x c e ss  n 0  1.3  8  1 0 .4 m o l O 2

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
n in H in n out H o u t
s u b s ta n c e
m ol kJ m ol m ol kJ m ol
C 5 H 12 1.0 0 0  
O 2 1 0 .4 0 H 1 2 .4 0 H 2
CO 2   5 .0 0 H 3
H 2O   6 .0 0 H 4
S u b s titu tin g ( C p ) i fro m T a b le B .2 :
5 8 12 kJ
H
2 3 4
2  ( 0 .0 2 9 1 T a d  0 .5 7 9  1 0 Tad  0 .2 0 2 5  1 0 Tad  0 .3 2 7 8  1 0 Tad  0 .7 3 1 1 )
m ol
5 8 12 kJ
H
2 3 4
3  ( 0 .0 3 6 1 1 T a d  2 .1 1 6 5  1 0 Tad  0 .9 6 2 3  1 0 Tad  1.8 6 6  1 0 Tad  0 .9 1 5 8 )
m ol
5 8 12 kJ
H 4  4 4 .0 1  ( 0 .0 3 3 4 6 T a d  0 .3 4 4 0  1 0
2 3 4
T a d  0 .2 5 3 5  1 0 T a d  0 .8 9 8 3  1 0 T a d  0 .8 3 8 )
m ol
5 8 12 kJ
 H 4  4 3.1 7  ( 0 .0 3 3 4 6 T a d  0 .3 4 4 0  1 0
2 3 4
Tad  0 .2 5 3 5  1 0 Tad  0 .8 9 8 3  1 0 Tad )
m ol
( 1 m o l C 5 H 1 2 )(  3 5 0 9 .5 k J / m o l )  ( 2 .4 0 ) H 2  ( 5 .0 0 ) H 3  ( 6 .0 0 ) H 4  ( 1 0 .4 0 )( H 1 )  0
S u b s titu te fo r H 1 th ro u g h H 4
5 8 12
 H  ( 0 .4 5 1 2 T a d  1 4 .0 3 6  1 0
2 3 4
T a d  3 .7 7 7  1 0 T a d  4 .7 2 7  1 0 T a d )  3 2 7 2 .2 0 k J / m o l = 0
5 2 8 3 12 4
 f ( T a d )   3 2 7 2 .2 0  0 .4 5 1 2 T a d  1 4 .0 3 6  1 0 Tad  3 .7 7 7  1 0 Tad  4 .7 2 7  1 0 Tad  0
 3 2 7 2 .2 0 14
C heck :   6 .9 2 2  1 0
12
4 .7 2 7  1 0
o
S o lv in g f o r T a d u s in g E - Z S o lv e  Tad  4 4 1 4 C

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b)
Terms Tad % Error
1 7252 64.3%
2 3481 –21.1%
3 3938 –10.8%
(c)
T f(T ) f '( T ) Tnew
7252 6 .0 5 E + 0 3 3 .7 4 5634
5634 1 .7 3 E + 0 3 1 .8 2 4680
4680 3 .1 0 E + 0 2 1 .2 2 4426
4426 1 .4 1 E + 0 1 1 .1 1 4414
4414 3 .1 1 E -0 2 1 .1 1 4414
(d) The polynomial formulas are only applicable for T  1500C
9.34
5 .5 0 L 273 K 1 .1 a tm m ol
F u e l fe e d ra te :   0 .2 4 7 m o l C H 4 /s
s 298 K 1 .0 a tm 2 2 .4 L (S T P )
T h e o r e tic a l O 2  2  0 .2 4 7  0 .4 9 4 m o l O 2 /s
2 5 % e x c e s s a ir  n 2  1.2 5 ( 0 .4 9 4 )  0 .6 1 7 5 m o l O 2 /s ,
 3 .7 6  0 .6 1 7 5  2 .3 2 m o l N 2 /s

C o m p le te c o m b u s tio n    n 1 = 0 .2 4 7 m o l / s , n 4  0 .2 4 7 m o l C O 2 / s , n 5  0 .4 9 4 m o l H 2 O / s
n 3  0 .6 1 7 5 m o l O 2 f e d / s  0 .4 9 4 m o l c o n s u m e d / s
 0 .1 2 4 m o l O 2 /s

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
o
R e f e r e n c e s: C H 4 , O 2 , N 2 , C O 2 , H 2 O ( l) a t 2 5 C
S u b s ta n c e
( m o l/s ) ( k J /m o l) ( m o l/s ) ( k J /m o l)
CH 4
0 .2 4 7 0  
O2 0 .6 1 7 5 Hˆ 1 0 .1 2 4 Hˆ 3
N 2
2 .3 2 Hˆ 2
2 .3 2 Hˆ 4
CO2   0 .2 4 7 Hˆ 5
H 2O   0 .4 9 7 Hˆ 6
(a)
E n e rg y B a la n c e
 

 H   (  H n o u t H n in H
o
c ) CH  out  in  0
4
T a b le B .2 fo r C pi
( T ), (  H v ) H O  4 4 .0 1 k J / m o l
2
5 2 2 8 3 3
0 . 2 4 7 (  8 9 0 . 3 6 )  0 . 4 9 4 ( 4 4 . 0 1 )  0 . 0 9 6 3 ( T  2 5 )  1. 7 4  1 0 (T  2 5 )  0 .3 0 5  1 0 (T  25 )
12 4 4
 1.6 1  1 0 (T  2 5 )  0 .6 1 7 5 ( 3 .7 8 )  2 .3 2 ( 3 .6 6 )  0
5 2 8 3 12 4
  2 1 1 .4  0 .0 9 6 3 T a d  1 .7 4  1 0 Tad  0 .3 0 5  1 0 Tad  1 .6 1  1 0 Tad  0
o
 T  1832 C
(b)
In p ro d u c t g a s ,
o
T  1 8 3 2 C , P  1 .0 5  7 6 0  7 9 8 m m H g
0 .4 9 4 m o l/s
yH   0 .1 5 5 m o l H 2 O /m o l
2O
( 0 .1 2 4  2 .3 2  0 .2 4 7  0 .4 9 4 ) m o l/s
T a b le B .3

* *
R a o u lt's la w : y H O
P  pH (T d p )  p H  ( 0 .1 5 5 )( 7 9 8 )  1 2 4 m m H g Tdp  5 6 C
2 2O 2O
o o o
D e g re e s o f s u p e rh e a t = 1 8 3 2 C  5 6 C = 1 7 7 6 C s u p e rh e a t

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
9.35 (b)
1 mol natural gas
yCH (m o l C H 4 / m o l) nCO (m o l C O 2 )
4 2
yC H (m o l C 2 H 6 / m o l) nH (m o l H 2 O )
2 6 2O
yC (m o l C 3 H / m o l) nN (m o l N )
3H 8 8 2 2
nO m ol O 2 )
2
Humid air
na (mol air)
ywo (mol H20(v)/mol)
(1-ywo) (mol dry air/mol)
0.21 mol O2/mol DA
0.79 mol N2/mol DA
Basis: 1 g-mole natural gas
CH 4 (g )  2 O 2 (g )  C O 2 (g )  H 2 O (v )
7
C 2 H 6 (g )  O 2 (g )  2 C O 2 (g )  3 H 2 O (v )
2
C 3 H 8 (g )  5O 2 (g )  3C O 2 (g )  4 H 2 O (v )
T h e o re tic a l o x y g e n :
2 m ol O 2 y CH (m o l C H 4 ) 3 .5 m o l O 2 yC (m o l C 2 H 6 ) 5 m ol O yC (m o l C 3 H 8 )
2H 6 2 3H 8
4
 
1 m ol C H 4 1 m ol C 2 H 6 1 m ol C 3 H 8
 ( 2 yCH  3 .5 y C H + 5 yC )
4 2 6 3H 8
CO 2 in p ro d u c t g a s :
1 m ol C O 2 n CH (m o l C H 4 ) 2 m ol C O 2 nC (m o l C 2 H 6 ) 3 m ol C O nC (m o l C 3 H 8 )
2H 6 2 3H 8
n CO  4
 
2
 (n CH  2nC  3n C ) m ol C O
4 2H 6 3H 8 2

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
H 2 O in p ro d u c t g a s :
1 m ol H 2 O n CH (m o l C H 4 ) 3 m ol H 2 O nC (m o l C 2 H 6 ) 4 m ol O nC (m o l C 3 H 8 )
2H 6 2 3H 8
nH  4
 
2O
 [2 n C H  3n C  4nC + n a (1 - y w o )] m o l H 2 O
4 2H 6 3H 8
P xs
O 2 in p ro d u c t g a s : n O  ( 2n CH  3.5 n C + 5 nC ) m ol O
2 4 2H 6 3H 8 2
100
(c)
o
U s in g (  H f )C H fro m T a b le B .1 a n d ( C p )C H fro m T a b le B .2
4 4
2 5 8 12
 H C H ( T )  [  7 5 .7 2 + 3 .4 3 1  1 0 T + 2 .7 3 4  1 0 T
2 3 4
 0 .1 2 2  1 0 T  2 .7 5  1 0 T ] kJ / m ol
4
n in H in
n out H out
S u b s ta n c e
m ol kJ / m ol m ol kJ / m ol
CH 4 n1 H 1  
C2H 6 n2 H 2  
C 3H 8 n3 H 3  
O 2 n4 H 4 n7 H 7
N 2 n5 H 5 n8 H 8
CO 2 n6  n9 H 9
H 2O   n 10 H 10

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
7 6
H   (n i ) out ( H i ) out   ( n i ) in ( H i ) in
i4 i1
H i  a i  b i T  c i T
2 3 4
 diT  ei T
6 3 6
 ( n i ) in ( H i ) in   ( n i ) in H i ( T f )   ( n i ) in H i ( T a )
i1 i1 i4
7 3 6
  ( n i ) in H i ( T f )   ( n i ) in H i ( T a )
2 3 4
 H  (n i ) out (a i  bi T  c i T  diT  ei T ) out 
i4 i1 i4
7 7 7 7 7
    
2 3 4
 H  (n i ) out a i  (n i ) out bi T  (n i ) out c i T  (n i ) out d i T  (n i ) out ei T
i1 i4 i1 i1 i1
3 6
  ( n i ) in H i ( T f )   ( n i ) in H i ( T a )
i1 i4
2 3 4
  0   1T   2 T   3T   4T
7 3 6
w h e re  0   (n i ) out a i   ( n i ) in H i ( T f )   ( n i ) in H i ( T a )
i1 i1 i4
7 7
 1   (n i ) out bi  2   (n i ) out ci
i1 i1
7 7
 3   (n i ) out d i  4   (n i ) out ei
i1 i1
(d)
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6
yCH4 0.75 0.86 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
yC2H6 0.21 0.1 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
yC3H8 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Tf 40 40 150 40 40 40
Ta 150 150 150 250 150 150
Pxs 25 25 25 25 100 25
ywo 0.0306 0.0306 0.0306 0.0306 0.0306 0.1
nO2i 3.04 2.84 3.04 3.04 4.87 3.04
nN2 11.44 10.67 11.44 11.44 18.31 11.44
nH2Oi 0.46 0.43 0.46 0.46 0.73 1.61
HCH4 -74.3 -74.3 -70 -74.3 -74.3 -74.3
HC2H6 -83.9 -83.9 -77 -83.9 -83.9 -83.9
HC3H8 -102.7 -102.7 -93 -102.7 -102.7 -102.7
HO2i 3.6 3.6 3.6 6.6 3.6 3.6
HN2i 3.8 3.8 3.8 6.9 3.8 3.8
HH2Oi -237.6 -237.6 -237.6 -234.1 -237.6 -237.6
nCO2 1.29 1.18 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29
nH2O 2.75 2.61 2.75 2.75 3.02 3.9
nO2 0.61 0.57 0.61 0.61 2.44 0.61
nN2 11.44 10.67 11.44 11.44 18.31 11.44
Tad 1743.1 1737.7 1750.7 1812.1 1237.5 1633.6
alph0 -1052 -978.9 -1057 -1099 -1093 -1058
alph1 0.4892 0.4567 0.4892 0.4892 0.7512 0.5278
alph2 0.0001 1.00E-04 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
alph3 -3.00E-08 -3.00E-08 -3.00E-08 -3.00E-08 -4.00E-08 -2.00E-08
alph4 3.00E-12 3.00E-12 3.00E-12 3.00E-12 4.00E-12 2.00E-12
Delta H 3.00E-07 9.00E-06 -4.00E-07 -1.00E-04 -1.00E-05 6.00E-04

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Species a b c d e
x 10^2 x 10^5 x 10^8 x 10^12
CH4 -75.72 3.431 2.734 0.122 -2.75
C2H6 -85.95 4.937 6.96 -1.939 1.82
C3H8 -105.6 6.803 11.3 -4.37 7.928
O2 -0.731 2.9 0.11 0.191 -0.718
N2 -0.728 2.91 0.579 -0.203 0.328
H20 -242.7 3.346 0.344 0.254 -0.898
CO2 -394.4 3.611 2.117 -0.962 1.866
9.36
A b s o r b e r o f f- g a s B a s is :
n 8 ( m o l H 2 /h ) 5 0 0 0 k g /h P r o d u c t g a s
n 1 2 ( m o l N 2 /h ) n 1 ( m o l/h )
0 .9 8 8 n 9 ( m o l C O /h ) 0 .9 9 1 m o l C 2 H 2 ( g) /m o l
0 .9 5 0 n 6 ( m o l C H 4 /h ) 0 .0 0 0 5 9 m o l H 2 O /m o l
n 1 4 ( m o l C H 4 /h ) 0 .0 0 6 n 7 ( m o l C 2 H 2 /h ) 0 .0 0 8 4 1 m o l C O2 / m o l
n 1 3 ( m o l C (s ) /h )
25°C
0 .9 1 7 n 1 ( m o l D M F /h )
P r eh e a ter s
C o n v e r te r C o n v e r te r L e a n s o lv e n t
c o n v e r te r p rod u ct q u e n ch p rod u ct filte r
F eed g a s, 65 0 °C T ad (°C ) 38°C
a bsorb er s tr ip p er
n 1 4 ( m o l C H 4 /h )
0 .9 6 n 1 5 ( m o l O 2 /h ) n 6 ( m o l C H 4 /h ) n 6 ( m o l C H 4 /h )
0 .0 4 n 1 5 ( m o l N 2 /h ) n 7 ( m o l C 2 H 2 /h ) n 7 ( m o l C 2 H 2 /h ) R ic h s o lv e n t
n 8 ( m o l H 2 /h ) n 8 ( m o l H 2 /h )
n 1 5 ( m o l/h )
n 9 ( m o l C O /h ) n 9 ( m o l C O /h )
0 .9 6 m o l O2 /m o l
n 1 0 ( m o l C O 2 /h ) n 1 0 ( m o l C O 2 /h )
0 .0 4 m o l N2 /m o l
n 1 1 ( m o l H 2 O /h ) n 1 1 ( m o l H 2 O /h )
25°C S tr ip p er o ff- g a s
n 1 2 ( m o l N 2 /h ) n 1 2 ( m o l N 2 /h )
n 2 ( m o l C O /h )
n 1 3 ( m o l C (s ) /h )
n 3 ( m o l C H 4 /h )
n 1 ( m o l/h )
n 4 ( m o l H 2 O (v )/h )
0 .0 1 5 5 m o l C 2 H 2 / m o l
n 5 ( m o l C O 2 /h )
0 .0 0 6 3 m o l C O 2 / m o l
0 .0 0 0 5 5 m o l C O / m o l
0 .0 0 0 5 5 m o l C H 4 / m o l
0 .0 5 9 6 m o l H 2 O /m o l
0 .9 1 7 m o l D M F / m o l
Average M.W. of product gas:
3
5000 kg 10 g 1 m ol 1 day
Molar flow rate of product gas: n0   7955 m ol h
day 1 kg 2 6 .1 9 g 24 h
Material balances -- plan of attack (refer to flow chart):

Stripper balances: C 2 H 2  n1 , C O  n2 , CH 4  n3 , H 2 O  n4 , C O 2  n5
Absorber balances: CH 4  n6 , C2H 2  n7 , C O  n9 , C O 2  n10 , H 2 O  n11
C o n v e rte r O b a la n c e  n 1 5 , c o n v e rte r N 2 b a la n c e  n 1 2

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
Absorber balances
Converter C balance:
(a) Feed stream flow rates

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b) Gas feed to absorber
Absorber off-gas
Stripper off-gas
(c)
(d) The theoretical maximum yield would be obtained if only the reaction
2 C H 4  C 2 H 2  3 H 2 occurred, the reaction went to completion, and all the C 2 H 2
formed were recovered in the product gas. This yield is (1 mol C2H2/2 mol CH4) = 0.500
mol C2H2/2 mol CH4.
The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield is 0.154/0.500 = 0.308.
(e)
Methane preheater
Oxygen preheater

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(f)
 n i H i   1.5 7 5  1 0 k J h
6
in
We will apply the heat capacity formulas of Table B.2, recognizing that we will probably
push at least some of them above their upper temperature limits
6
1. 4 1 8  1 0

4 8
n i H i   1.0 0 0  1 0  3 9 4 3 T a  0 .6 2 5 1 T a  1.9 9 6  1 0 T a  2 .5 4 0 5  1 0 T a 
7 2 3 4
Ta  2 7 3
out
Energy balance:  H   n i H i   n i H i  0
out in

lOMoARcPSD|12885288

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
CHAPTER TEN
10.1 (a) Balance on H3PO4: Accumulation = input
Density of H3PO4:   1.8 3 4 g / m l .

Molecular weight of H3PO4: M  9 8 .0 0 g / m ol .
(b)
(c)
10.2 (a) Air initially in tank:
Air in tank after 15 s:
Pf V N f RT Pf 0 .0 2 5 8 lb - m o le 1 1 4 .7 p s ia
  N f  N0   0 .2 0 1 3 lb - m o le
P0 V N 0 RT P0 1 4 .7 p s ia
Rate of addition:

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b) Balance on air in tank: Accumulation = input
; t = 0, N = 0.0258 lb-mole
(c) Integrate balance:
C h e c k th e s o lu tio n i n tw o w a y s:
( 1 ) t = 0 , N = 0 .0 2 5 8 lb - m o le  s a tis f ie s th e in itia l c o n d itio n
dN
(2)  0 .0 1 1 7 lb - m o le a ir / s  r e p r o d u c e s th e m a s s b a la n c e
dt
(d)
O2 in tank = 0.30 lb-mole O2
10.3 (a) Since the temperature and pressure of the gas are constant, a volume balance on the
gas is equivalent to a mole balance (conversion factors cancel).
3
dV 540 m 1 h
A c c u m u la tio n = in p u t  o u tp u t 
dt

h 6 0 m in
 w m 3
m in 
t 
3 3
t  0 , V  3 .0 0  1 0 m  0 c o rre s p o n d s to 8 :0 0 A M
V t t
   9 .0 0    d t  V  m   3 .0 0  1 0 
3 3
dV  w
 9 .0 0 t  w
dt t in m in u te s
3
3 .0 0  1 0 0 0
(b) Let  w i  tabulated value of  w at t = 10 (i -1) i = 1, 2, …, 25

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(c) Measure the height of the float roof (proportional to volume).
The feed rate decreased, or the withdrawal rate increased between data points,
or the storage tank has a leak, or Simpson’s rule introduced an error.
(d)
REAL VW(25), T, V, V0, H

INTEGER I
DATA V0, H/3.0E3, 10./
READ (5, *) (VW(I), I = 1, 25)
V= V0
T=0.
WRITE (6, 1)
WRITE (6, 2) T, V
DO 10 I = 2, 25
T = H * (I – 1)
V = V + 9.00 * H – 0.5 * H * (VW(I – 1) + VW(I))
WRITE (6, 2) T, V
10 CONTINUE
1 FORMAT ('TIME (MIN) VOLUME (CUBIC METERS)')
2 FORMAT (F8.2, 7X, F6.0)
END
$DATA
11.4 11.9 12.1 11.8 11.5 11.3


Results:
TIME (MIN) VOLUME (CUBIC METERS)
0.00 3000.
10.00 2974.
20.00 2944.
 
230.00 2683.
240.00 2674.
3 3 2674  2672
V tra p e z o id  2 6 7 4 m ; V S im p s o n  2 6 7 2 m ;  1 0 0 %  0 .0 7 %
2672
Simpson’s rule is more accurate.
10.4 (a)
(b) Balance on water: Accumulation = input – output (L/min).
(Balance volume directly since density is constant)
dV
 2 0 .0  0 .2 0 0 V
dt
t  0, V  300

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
dV
(c)  0  2 0 0  0 .2 0 0 V s  V s  1 0 0 L
dt
The plot of V vs. t begins at (t=0, V=300). When t=0, the slope (dV/dt) is
As t increases, V decreases.  dV / dt  20.0  0.200V

20 .0  0 .200 ( 300 )   40 .0 .
becomes less negative, approaches zero as t   . The curve is therefore concave up.
(d)
10.5 (a) A plot of D (log scale) vs. t (rectangular scale) yields a straight line through the points
( t  1 week, D  2 3 8 5 k g w e e k ) and ( t  6 weeks, D  7 5 5 k g w e e k ).
(b) Inventory balance: Accumulation = –output

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(c) t    I  4957 kg
10.6 (a) Balance on CO: Accumulation=-output
(b)
3
(c) V  350 m
(d) The room air composition may not be uniform, so the actual concentration of CO
in parts of the room may still be higher than the safe level. Also, “safe” is on the
average; someone could be particularly sensitive to CO.
Precautionary steps:
P u rg e th e la b o ra to ry lo n g e r th a n th e c a lc u la te d p u rg e tim e . U s e a C O d e te c to r
to m e a s u re th e re a l c o n c e n tra tio n o f C O in th e la b o ra to ry a n d m a k e s u r e it is
lo w e r th a n th e s a fe le v e l e v e ry w h e re in th e la b o r a to ry .
10.7 (a) Total mass balance: Accumulation = input – output

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
(b) Sodium nitrate balance: Accumulation = - output
x = mass fraction of N aN O 3
(c)
0.45
x
t(min)
dx m
  x  0 , x d e c re a s e s w h e n t in c re a s e s
dt 200
dx
b e c o m e s le s s n e g a tiv e u n til x re a c h e s 0 ;
dt
E a c h c u rv e is c o n c a v e u p a n d a p p ro a c h e s x = 0 a s t   ;
dx
m in c re a s e s  b e c o m e s m o re n e g a tiv e  x d e c re a s e s fa s te r.
dt
(d)
Check the solution:

( 1 ) t = 0 , x = 0 .4 5  s a tis f ie s th e in iti a l c o n d itio n ;
dx m m t m
(2 )   0 .4 5  exp(  )   x  s a tis f ie s th e m a s s b a la n c e .
dt 200 200 200

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
x
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 t(min) 15 20 25
(e)
90%  x f  0 .0 4 5  t  4 .6 m in
99%  x f  0 .0 0 4 5  t  9 .2 m in
99.9%  x f  0 .0 0 0 4 5  t  1 3 .8 m in
10.8 (a) Mass of tracer in tank:
Tracer balance: Accumulation = –output. If perfectly mixed, C o u t  C ta n k  C
dC 
  C
V is constant
dt V
m0
t  0, C 
V
(b)
(c) Plot C (log scale) vs t (rect. scale) on semilog paper: Data lie on straight line (verifying
assumption of perfect mixing) through
-3
10 )

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
10.9 (a) In tent at any time, P=14.7 psia, V=40.0 ft3, T=68F=528R
3
1 4 .7 p s ia 4 0 .0 ft
PV
 N   m (liq u id )  ft
3
 p s ia o
 0 .1 0 3 8 lb - m o le
RT 1 0 .7 3 528 R
o
lb - m o le  R
(b) Molar throughout rate:
Moles of O2 in tank =
Balance on O2: Accumulation = input – output
(c)
0 .3 5  x  1. 6 3 t  1. 6 3 t
  e  x  0 .3 5  0 .1 4 e
0 .1 4
10.10 A  B
(a) Mole balance on A: Accumulation = –consumption (V constant)
(b) Plot on rectangular paper:
Slope intercept
Data fall on straight line through

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
10.11 CO  Cl2  COCl2
(a)
(b) Mole balance on Phosgene: Accumulation = generation
(c) Cl2 limiting; 75% conversion
(d)
REAL F(51), SUM1, SUM2, SIMP
INTEGER I, J, NPD(3), N, NM1, NM2
DATA NPD/5, 21, 51/
FN(C) = (1.441 – 24.3 * C) ** 2/(0.02407 – C)/(0.01605 – C)
DO 10 I = 1, 3
N = NPD(I)
NM1 = N – 1
NM2 = N – 2
DO 20 J = 1, N
C = 0.01204 * FLOAT(J – 1)/FLOAT(NM1)
F(J) = FN(C)
20 CONTINUE
SUM1 = 0.
DO 30 J = 2, NM1, 2
SUM = SUM1 + F(S)
30 CONTINUE
SUM2 = 0.
DO 40 J = 3, NM2, 2
SUM2 = SUM2 + F(J)
40 CONTINUE
SIMP = 0.01204/FLOAT(NM1)/3.0 * (F(1) + F(N) + 4.0 * SUM1 + 2.0 * SUM2)
T = SIMP/2.92
WRITE (6, 1) N, T
10 CONTINUE
1 FORMAT (I4, 'POINTS —', 2X, F7.1, 'MINUTES')
END

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
RESULTS
5 POINTS — 91.0 MINUTES

t  9 0 .4 m in u te s
10.12 (a)
Accumulation = input
*
Separate variables and integrate. Since pA  y A P is constant, C A  pA H is also a
constant.
(b)
3 2 3 3
V  5 L  5 0 0 0 c m , k  0 .0 2 0 c m s , S  7 8 .5 c m , C A
 0 .6 2  1 0 m ol / cm

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
dT
10.13 (a) MCv  Q  W
dt
M  ( 3 . 0 0 L ) ( 1.0 0 k g / L ) = 3 . 0 0 k g
o o
Cv  C p  ( 0 .0 7 5 4 k J / m o l  C )( 1 m o l / 0 .0 1 8 k g ) = 4 .1 8 4 k J / k g  C
W  0
(b)
(c) Stove output is much greater.
Only a small fraction of energy goes to heat the water.

Some energy heats the kettle.
Some energy is lost to the surroundings (air).
dT
10.14 (a) Energy balance: MCv  Q  W
dt
The other 3% of the energy is used to heat the vessel or is lost to the surroundings.
(b)
(c)
No, since the vessel is closed, the pressure will be greater than 1 atm (the pressure at
the normal boiling point).
10.15 (a) Moles of air in room:
n= = 258 kg-moles

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
dT
Energy balance on room air: nCv  Q  W
dt
t  0, T  1 0 C
(Note: a real process of this type would involve air escaping from the room and a
constant pressure being maintained. We simplify the analysis by assuming n is
constant.)
0 .5 5 9 T
(b) At steady-state, d T d t  0  4 0 .3 m s  0 .5 5 9 T  0  m s 
4 0 .3
T  2 4  C  m s  0 .3 3 3 k g h r
(c) Separate variables and integrate the balance equation:

23 𝑑𝑇
∫10 13.4−0.559𝑇
=t
1 13.4−0.559(23)
𝑡= − ln [ ] = 4.8 hr
0.559 13.4−0.559(10
10.16 (a) Total Mass Balance:
Accumulation=Input– Output
KCl Balance:

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
dM d(C V )
Accumulation=Input-Output  KCl
 m i , K C l  m o , K C l   1.0 0  8 .0 0  4 .0 0 C
dt dt
dC dV dV
 V  C  8  4C dV dt  4  4 .0 0 L / s
dt dt dt
t  0, V0  400 L
(b) (i) The plot of V vs. t begins at (t=0, V=400). The slope (=dV/dt) is 4 (a positive constant).
V increases linearly with increasing t until V reaches 2000. Then the tank begins to
overflow and V stays constant at 2000.
2000
V
400
0
t
(ii) The plot of C vs. t begins at (t=0, C=0). When t=0, the slope (=dC/dt) is
(8-0)/400=0.02. As t increases, C increases and V increases (or stays constant)
 dC/dt=(8-8C)/V becomes less positive, approaches zero as t . The curve is
1
C
0
t
therefore concave down.

lOMoARcPSD|12885288
dC 8  8C dC 1 C
 V  400  4 t 
dt V dt 5 0  0 .5 t
When the tank overflows, V  400  4t  2000  t  400 s

화학공정계산 4판 솔루션 Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes 4th Solution

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화학공정계산 4판 솔루션 Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes 4th Solution

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화학공정계산 4판 솔루션 elementary principles of chemical

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The estimate could vary by an order of magnitude ore more, depending on

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2.9 Say h depth of liquid

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(a) (i) On the earth:

(ii) On the moon:

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2.15 (a) Yes, because when ln [( C A  C A e ) / ( C A 0  C A e )] is plotted vs. t in rectangular

0 50 100 150 200

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2.16 (a) 1/C vs. t. Slope= b, intercept=a

1/C = 0.4771t + 0.0823 t t

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2.18 (a) E(cal/mol), D0 (cm2/s)

S lo p e =  E / R = -3 6 6 6 K  E = (3 6 6 6 K )(1 .9 8 7 cal / m o l  K ) = 7 2 8 4 cal / m o l

T D 1/T lnD (1/T)*(lnD) (1/T)**2

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(b) – No buildup of mass in unit.

– Densitometer gives correct reading.

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3.14 (a) Samples Species MW k Peak Mole Mass moles mass

2 CH4 16.04 0.150 7.8 0.249 0.111 1.170 18.767

3 CH4 16.04 0.150 3.4 0.146 0.064 0.510 8.180

4 CH4 16.04 0.150 4.8 0.333 0.173 0.720 11.549

5 CH4 16.04 0.150 6.4 0.141 0.059 0.960 15.398

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3.16 (a) Basis: 1 liter of solution

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(i) For a full room, h  1 0 m

(ii) If the door holds, it will take

He will not have enough time.

3.23 (a) h = L sin 

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Steady state  Accumulation = 0

(1) Total Mass Balance: 1 0 0 .0 k g / h  m v  m l

(2) Benzene Balance: 0 .5 5 0  1 0 0 .0 k g B / h  0 .8 5 0 m v  0 .1 0 6 m l

Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously  m v  5 9 .7 k g h , m l  4 0 .3 k g h

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X-large: 25 broken eggs/min

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Overall balance: m 1  m 2  m 3 (1)

C2H5OH balance: 0 .7 5 0 m 1  0 .4 0 0 m 2  0 .6 0 0 m 3 (2)

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4 unknowns ( n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , v ) – 2 balances – 1 density – 1meter reading = 0 DF

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