Pembahagian sempadan

negara
a)Sempadan 2 negara mlibatkan
perairan wilayah
Fasal 15 rujuk perjanjian, penggunaan
garis equidistant
b)Sempadan 2 negara mlibatkan
perairan zon berdampingan
KUULA 1982 tidak myatakan metod
pembahagian zon berdampingan
Pembahagian sempadan 2
negara
Sempadan 2 negara mlibatkan perairan
zon ekonomi eksklusif
Timbul konflik antara kepentingan negara
perairan pantai dan negara lain, konflik
diselesaikan mgikut ekuiti, keadaan yg
relevan dan ambil kira kepentingan phk
tlibat dan komuniti - fasal 59
2 negara perlu rujuk perjanjian sekiranya
ada
Pembahagian sempadan 2
negara
Sempadan 2 negara mlibatkan zon
perairan pelantar benua, equitable
solution
Perlu rujuk perjanjian 2 negara
Hak Negara Tanpa Pantai
Fasal 124- negara tanpa pantai
Negara transit- negara dgn pantai/
negara tanpa pantai, terletak antara
negara tanpa pantai + tanpa laut,
melalui territory traffic.
Transit traffic- transit manusia,
brg2+pengangkutan melalui negara
transit
Negara Tanpa Pantai
42 negara tanpa pantai
15 di Africa, 13 di Europe, 12 di Asia dan
2 di Latin America
Negara miskin, tidak dapat akses laut dan
tiada sumber bhn semula jadi lautdan
kkurangan bahan sumber semula jadi
didarat.
Chad, Ethiopia,Uganda, Rwanda,
Afghanistan
Negara Tanpa Pantai
Fasal 125-negara tanpa pantai ada hak
akses dari dan ke laut. Tmsk kebebasan laut
lepas dan common heritage of mankind.
Negara tanpa pantai enjoy the freedom of
transit through the territory of transit.
Negara tanpa pantai punya hak utk
participate dlm equitable basis, lebihan EEZ
melalui bilateral, sub regional /regional.
The Area
F 133 Resources means all solid , liquid,
or gaseous mineral resources in situ in
the area at or beneath the sea bed ie
polymetallic nodules.
Resources when covered frm the area
are referred to as minerals.
F 136 The Area and its resources are
the common heritage of mankind
The Area
F 137 no state shall claim or exercise
sovereignty or sovereign rights over any
part of the Area or its resources
All rights in the resources of the area are
vested in mankind, on whose behalf the
authority shall act. The minerals
recovered from the area may be
alienated in accordance with rules,
regulations & procedures of authority
The Area
F 139 States parties shall have the
responsibility to ensure activities in the
area whether carried by State Parties/ state
enterprises shall carried out in conformity
with this part.
F 140 Activities in the Area shall be carried
out for the benefit of mankind, irrespective
of geographical location of states, whether
coastal or land locked, taking consideration
the interests & needs of developing states.
The Area
F 141 the Area shall open to use exclusively
for peaceful purposes by all states, whether
coastal or land locked, without
discrimination/prejudice.
F 142 Activities in the Area, with respect to
resource deposits in the Area lie across
limits of national jurisdiction, conducted
with due regard to rights & legitimate
interests of any coastal state across whose
jurisdiction such deposit lie
The Area
Consultations & system of prior notification
with view avoiding infringement of such
rights & interests.
Art 143 Marine Scientific Research in the
Area shall be carried out exclusively for
peaceful purposes & for the benefit of
mankind as a whole. The Authority may
carry out marine scientific research
concerning the area & its resources , and
may enter contracts for that purpose.
The Authority
Art 156 Establishment of the Int Sea Bed
Authority all state parties are members of
the authority
Art 157 The Authority is the organization
that organize & control activities in the Area,
to administer the resources of the Area. The
Authority is based on principle of the
sovereign equality of all its members. The
principal organs of the Authority, an
assembly, a council & a secretariat.
The Assembly
Art 159 The Assembly consist of all members
of the Authority. The Assembly shall adopt its
rules of procedures, elect its President & othr
officers, each member shall have one vote.
Decisions on quest of procedure shall b taken
by a majority of members present and
voting.
Decisions on question of substances shall b
taken by a 2/3 majority of members present
and voting.
TheCouncil
The Council is the executive organ of
the Authority. It has power to establish
the specific policies to be pursued by
the Authority on any question or matter
within the competence of the Authority.
Art 166 The Secretariat of the Authority
comprise of a Secretary General (chief
admin officer) and such staff (scientist &
technical) as Authority may require.
The Enterprise
Art170- The Enterprise shall b organ of
the Authority which shall carry out
activities in the Area directly as well as
transporting, process & marketing of
minerals recovered frm the Area.