Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Prenatal diagnosis
Similar to Prenatal diagnosis (20)
More from obgymgmcri
More from obgymgmcri (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Prenatal diagnosis
- 2. Prenatal Diagnosis • Over the last 4 decades, the genetic basis of an increasing number of diseases is becoming understood. At the same time, safe and effective fetal diagnostic techniques are being developed.
- 3. Prenatal Diagnosis of fetal Abnormalities • Benefits: 1.Malformation incompatible with life may be terminated. 2.Certain abnormalities may be correctible in-utero. 3.-Provides opportunity to arrange corrective measures before hand. - offer a chance to be delivered at a place where the required facilities are available. 4. Parents decision to continue pregnancy/ mentally prepare to have a handicapped child.
- 4. Classification of Congenital Abnormalities 1 Chromosomal Abnormalities: - Trisomy 21 (D.S) - Trisomy 18 (E.S) - Trisomy 13 (P.S) 2 Structural Abnormalities: - CNS - CVS - GIT - Bone - Renal system 3 Genetic Disorders: - Inborn error of metabolism - Haemoglobinopathies
- 5. What Should We Do? • Every pregnancy should be evaluated with the most definite test. • Practically & economically not feasible because expensive Invasive Worldwide practice is to carry out -Screening procedures -Definite (diagnostic)tests for screening positive cases
- 6. Screening Procedures These are: - Simple - Cheap - Least invasive - safe - Easily repeatable
- 7. Screening Procedures --- Cont. 1. History: - Increasing maternal age - Congenital anomalies in previous children - F/Hx. . Still birth . Recurrent 1st trimester abortion . Cousin marriage
- 8. Screening Procedures ---Cont. 2. Features of current pregnancy: - Drug intake(antiepileptics e.g. warfarin, alcohol, smoking) - Radiation exposure - Maternal ch. diseases e.g.DM, cardiac, renal - Uterine fundas large/ small for date - Decrease fetal movements - Fetal malpresentation - Viral infection in early pregnancy
- 9. Screening Procedures --- Cont. 3. Ultrasonography: - Screening tool in all trimesters - At 10-14 weeks if fetal nuchal translucency - > 2.5 mm- chromosomal anomalies association - At 18-20 weeks 75% fetal abnormalities can be diagnose
- 10. 1st Trimester Ultrasound • NT Ultrasound
- 11. Cleft lip and palate
- 12. Ventriculomegaly
- 16. Screening Procedures ---Cont. 4. Maternal blood tests: - Maternal Serum alpha fetoproteins: . Produced by . Fetus &enter in maternal circulation. . Yolk sac in first trimester . Liver in second and third trimester . Normally increase from 12-32 weeks . Abnormally raise on fetal capillaries exposure to amniotic fluid e.g. in NTD.
- 17. Maternal S. alpha fetoproteins --cont. - Raised level in neural tube defect(NTD). - Screen for NTD at 15-20 weeks if +ve confirm with detailed USG. - Also raised in following conditions: . Miscalculated dates . Multiple pregnancies . Threatened abortion . IUD . Teratoma . Congenital nephrosis . Ant. Abdominal wall defects
- 19. MSAFP
- 20. Triple Test • - Used for Down Synd. Screening. It comprises . AFP . hCG . uE3 (unconjugated oestriol ) - Best carried at 15-18 weeks. In DS AFP & uE3 are low while hCG is raised - Triple test+ maternal age diagnose 60% DS - In trisomy 18 all above components are low
- 21. Quadruple test • Triple test+ Inhibin A estimation • This test + maternal age detects 76% DS
- 22. Double Test • Low pregnancy associated plasma proteins-A (PAPP-A) level and raised serum Beta-hCG during 1st trimester • Double test+ maternal age diagnose 60% DS.
- 25. ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ? ↑ ↓ ? ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Ν ↓↓↓
- 26. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS • For high risk women on basis of screening tests • An ideal test should be : - Least invasive - diagnose c. abnormality in early pregnancy. - Minimally interfering developing pregnancy • Diagnostic tests are also not risk free.
- 27. Counselling • Organize an appointment • Couple should be present • Explain: - Risk of occurance of c. abnormality - All tests available, their procedure, cost, diagnostic ability and benefits, possible risks - Possible management plain • If termination of pregnancy is unacceptable diagnostic tests would be fruitless.
- 28. NON INVASIVE TESTS • Ultrasonography: • Diagnostic USG is different from screening USG, - It takes longer time - Dx. Wide range of c. anomalies - Non invasive and diagnosis at spot possible - But possible only at large gestational age • Colour doppler further enhance the capability especially for cardiac malformations and renal agenesis.
- 29. Other Soft Signs • short ears • cerebellar hypoplasia • cholecystomegaly • Mild cerebral ventriculomegaly • Hypoplasia of middle phalanx of 5th digit • Increased Iliac angle • Short frontal lobe
- 30. What are the 2T soft signs? • Increased nuchal thickness • short femur or humerus • Pylectasis • echogenic foci in heart • Echogenic Bowel • choroid plexus cysts
- 31. INVASIVE TESTS AMNIOCENTESIS: • Aspiration of amniotic fluid which contain fetal cells • Fluid can be used for estimation of - bilirubin level (for fetal haemolytic disease). - AFP -Acetyl cholinesterase • Cells used for karyotyping (Chromosomal dis.) • Fetal cells-cultured for 3 weeks- karyotyping. • New technique-PCR, FISH-give result in 48 h.
- 32. AMNIOCENTESIS---Cont. • Procedure: • Preliminary USG to confirm-duration of gestation, -placental site,- adequacy of liqour (150-200 ml) • Sterilize the abdomen • 22 G spinal needle is used. • About 20 cc amniotic fluid is withdrawn. • Give Anti- D to all Rh-ve mothers. • Ask rest for 30 min.& restrict movements for 48h
- 33. Amniocentesis
- 34. AMNIOCENTESIS---Cont. • Limitations (difficulties)of procedure: if - Anteriorly placed placenta - Multiple pregnancy. - Maternal obesity - Oligohydramnios • Risks: - Pregnancy loss 1 % - Bleeding , Infection, - Rupture of membrane - Preterm labour&IUD - Leaking of Amniotic fluid - Increase risk of RDS in newborn
- 35. CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING • Collection of fragments of placental tissue (chorionic villi)- cells are examined for Dx. of C.Anomalies. • Cytotrophoblastic (rapidly dividing) cells are used for direct karyotyping- result available within 24-48 h. • Chorionic villi are best source of DNA • CVS can be performed at 10 weeks gestation. • Indications: 1-DNA analysis for SCD,thallasemias, CF. hemophillias 2-Chromosomal abnormalities 3-Inborn error of metabolism
- 36. CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING • Procedure: • Trans-abdominal approach preferred –under USG guidance in supine position • Trans-cervical approach is easy. • In lithotomy position, sterilize area & Aspiration catheter and biopsy forceps. • Introduce through Cx. under USG into placental tissue avoiding membrane rupture • Risks: Pregnancy loss 2-6% • Before 10 weeks- associated with limb deformities, micrognathia, microglassia
- 39. FETAL BLOOD SAMPLING (FBS) • Fetal blood- lymphocyte are rapidly cultured, results within 48-72 hours. • Indications: 1- Prenatal Dx. DNA available for Cytogenetic studies In failed amniocentesis, and mosaicism in chorion or amniotic fluid. 2-Fetal assessment: for red cell alloimmunization, (Hb;Hc,TrF) Hydrops fetalis, viral infection, platelets alloimmunization • Unfortunately Associated with highest rate of fetal loss. • Currently used for blood transfusion in-utero in fetal A.
- 40. FETAL BLOOD SAMPLING (FBS) • Procedure : (cordocentesis): • The sites for FBS are placental insertion of umbilical cord, abdominal insertion of cord, intrahepatic fetal vein and fetal heart. • Suitable time is 20-28 weeks • Risks: - Bleeding from site of puncture - Cord haematoma - Fetal bradycardia - Fetal death
- 41. EMBRYOSCOPY & FETOSCOPY • Direct visualization of embryo and fetus. • Limited field of vision. • Provide information only about external fetal structures .
- 42. NEW MOLECULAR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES • Fetal cell obtained by CVS and Amniocentesis can be used for prenatal Dx. For congenital anomalies by following new techniques 1- Southern blotting: Cleavage of chromosomal DNA at specific sites and used for tests 2- PCR 3- FISH
- 43. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) • Amplify specific DNA and RNA fragments • Once nucleotide sequence of a region of DNA strand is known, complimentary oligonucleotides & polymerase are added to single strand DNA • Repeat process 30 times to get adequate DNA • PCR identify specific DNA sequence for gene mutation & prenatal Dx. at an earlier stage before an embryo transfer in IVF cycle.
- 44. FLOURESCENT IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION • FISH allows detection & localization of specific DNA sequence in interphase or metaphase. • Advantage – results available in 24-48 h. • Disadvantage – fail to detect big structural rearrangements • Identify 80% clinically relevant abnormalities, helpful for early decision about further management of affected pregnancies.
- 45. MANAGEMENT OF FETAL C. ANOMALIES • It is a tedious task, requires skillful, sympathetic & professional approach. • Management options - Termination of pregnancy - In- utero management if possible - Conservative management
- 46. POSTPARTUM MANAGEMENT OF C.A. For better understanding of congenital anomalies and its impact on future reproductive performance of couple, following procedures are carried out on affected babies/ abortusses: 1.Physical examination /postmortem 2.Fetal tissue(blood, skin, placenta) for karyotyping 3.Placenta and membrane for histopathology 4.Placental & baby swab for microbiology & virology. 5.Baby gram (x-rays of whole baby) 6.Baby photograph
- 47. THANKS